Satellite image analysis of human caused changes in the tundra vegetation around the city of Vorkuta,north-European Russia

In this paper we present what kind of human impacted changes can be found in dwarf birch (Betula nana) dominated shrub tundra vegetation around the large industrial complex of Vorkuta in the north-European Russian tundra. Using fieldwork data and Landsat TM satellite image we could identify two impact zones: (1) Pollution zone (150-200 km2). In this zone most of the lichen species are absent. Changes in vegetation communities' species composition in all main plant groups are obvious. Willows especially are more dominant than in the unpolluted sites. (2) Slight pollution/disturbance zone (600-900 km2). Here vegetation changes are mainly similar but less so than the changes in the first zone. Particularly, the amount of herbs and grasses is increased when compared to unpolluted areas. The pollution zones are spatially connected to the main emission sources in the area. Zones spread furthest to the northeast, matching the prevailing winds during winter.     

Marine macroalgae in polar regions as natural sources for volatile organohalogens

Marine macroalgae species from the polar regions were investigated for their importance as natural sources of volatile halogenated compounds released into the biosphere. Several different halogenated C1 to C4 hydrocarbons were identified and their release rates determined. The compounds contained mainly bromine and iodine, and form was the dominant compound released. Although an annual atmospheric input of approximately 10(8)-10(10) g bromine and 10(7)-10(8) g iodine was calculated from the release rates, marine macroalgae are apparently not the major source on a global scale, as the release is up to four orders of magnitude lower than a presumed annual flow from the oceans. Despite this, macroalgae may be more important on a local scale due to their occurrence at a high biomass in the coastal regions. The present paper gives an overview about studies done on the release of volatile halocarbons by macroalgae from polar regions. Furthermore, the function of these compounds in the macroalgal metabolism is discussed.     

An Integrated Approach for Impact Assessment of Water Harvesting Techniques in Dry Areas: The Case of Oued Oum Zessar Watershed (Tunisia)

In the arid regions of Tunisia, considerable investments are being made to maintain the old water harvesting techniques and introduce new ones to capture the scarce amount of rainwater (100 mm to 230 mm annually) for agricultural and domestic purposes. However, no detailed assessment of the multiple effects and the costs and benefits of these techniques have been made so far. This paper summarizes the results of an in depth investigation of the multiple impacts (runoff mobilization, ground water recharge, agro-socio-economic impacts) of the water harvesting works undertaken in the watershed of oued Oum Zessar (southeastern Tunisia). The importance of interdisciplinary and integrated approaches was revealed through this detailed impact assessment and economic evaluation. In fact, the profitability of the water harvesting works depends largely on the criteria chosen. However, further refinements are needed to better include all possible impacts (positive and negative) that occur as a result of the installation of the water harvesting structures.     

Long-range transport potential of semivolatile organic chemicals in coupled air-water systems

Ongoing deliberations on the regulation of semivolatile organic chemicals require the assessment of chemical transport in atmospheric and marine systems. The characteristic travel distance was proposed as a measure for the transport potential in air and water. However, the existing definition treats the transport processes separately. It is shown that combined transport in coupled air-ocean systems can accelerate the overall transport into remote regions. Concentration ratios in air and water change with distance from sources depending on the initial concentration ratio and on the difference between the transport velocities. A measure is suggested facilitating the chemical screening with respect to transport potentials in such air-ocean systems. A case study for alpha and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane shows that the suggested measure qualitatively reveals the transport potentials of these chemicals and exemplifies possible concentration patterns.     

Effect of different water supply on morphology, growth and photosynthetic characteristcs of Salix Psammophila seedlings in Maowusu sandland, China

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＩＰＣＣ (ＩｎｔｅｒｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔａｌＰａｎｅｌｏｎＣｌｉｍａｔｅＣｈａｎｇｅ ,1990 ;1992 ;1995)ｈａｓｎｏｔｅｄｔｈａｔｈｕｍａｎａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓａｒｅｓｕｂｓｔａｎｔｉａｌｌｙｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇｔｈｅｅｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｓｏｆ“ｇｒｅｅｎｈｏｕｓｅｇａｓｅｓ”ｓｕｃｈａｓｃａｒｂｏｎｄｉｏｘｉｄｅ (ＣＯ2 ) ,ｍｅｔｈａｎｅ ,ｃｈｌｏｒｏｆｌｕｏｒｏｃａｒｂｏｎｓａｎｄｎｉｔｒｅｏｕｓｏｘｉｄｅｉｎｔｏｔｈｅａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｅ .Ｔｈｅｓｅｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｓｗｉｌ…     

Phenotypic nutrient up-take differences in an alley cropping system in semi-arid Machakos, Kenya

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＩｎｔｈｅＦｉｆｔｈＦｒａｍｅｗｏｒｋＰｒｏｇｒａｍｍｅｏｆｔｈｅＥｕｒｏｐｅａｎＣｏｍｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ(ＥＣ,1999),ｕｎｄｅｒ“ｔｏｏｌｓｆｏｒｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ”,ｔｈｅｒｅｗａｓｒｅｃｅｎｔｌｙａｓｐｅｃｉａｌｃａｌｌｆｏｒｐｒｏｐｏｓａｌｓｆｏｒ“Ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｉｅｓｆｏｒｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅｐｌａｎｔａｎｄａｎｉｍａｌｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ:ｂｕｉｌｄｉｎｇｂｌｏｃｋｓｆｏｒｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｍｅｎｔ(ｆｏｒｓｍａｌｌｓｃａｌｅｏｒｅｎｖｉｒ…     

不同地域4种常用树种滞尘和吸滞重金属能力比较研究

为评估常见树种叶片滞尘及吸滞重金属的能力,本研究收集了4种常见绿化树种在多个城市的滞尘及吸滞重金属数据,用数理统计、区划分析等方法,探讨不同树种叶片在多城市环境滞尘和吸滞重金属的差异及其影响因素。结果表明,女贞、悬铃木和广玉兰的平均滞尘量差异不大,香樟滞尘量略低于其他3树种,但女贞叶片的滞尘潜能最大;女贞、广玉兰叶片滞尘量表现为南方城市大于北方城市,悬铃木叶片滞尘量表现为北方城市大于南方城市;在季节滞尘上,女贞叶片滞尘量表现为夏季低于秋季,悬铃木、广玉兰和香樟则是夏季高于秋季;多城市树种吸滞重金属分析显示,对Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn具有最大吸滞量的树种均是香樟,对Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn具有最大吸滞潜能的树种分别是女贞、悬铃木、香樟和香樟;香樟叶片对Pb、Cd的吸滞量受地域环境变化的影响较小,在中国南方城市比其他3树种更具有应用普适性;女贞叶片对Cu、Zn的吸滞量受地域环境变化的影响较小,比其他3树种具有普适性。     

洞庭湖大气氮湿沉降的时空变异

为研究洞庭湖大气氮素湿沉降的时空变化规律,于2016年1—12月对洞庭湖不同生态区的4个监测点的湿沉降进行了为期1年的观测.结果表明:采桑湖(CSH)、断港头(DGT)、蒋家嘴(JJZ)3个监测点的全年大气氮湿沉降量分别为49.9、38.7和90.9 kg·hm~(-2),其中NO_3~--N沉降量分别占30.3%、25.8%和33.1%,NH_4~+-N沉降量分别占32.9%、41.7%和51.1%,DON沉降量分别占36.8%、32.5%和15.9%;沅江(YJ)监测点7—12月的大气氮湿沉降量为19.0 kg·hm~(-2),NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N和DON分别占62.2%、25.1%和12.7%,除YJ监测点外,其他各监测点NH_4~+-N沉降量高于NO_3~--N沉降量.湿沉降量与降雨量呈正相关,而湿沉降浓度与降雨量呈负相关;在CSH、DGT和JJZ监测点,湿沉降量均在春季最高,分别占全年总沉降量的54.4%、60.2%和49.7%,JJZ监测点在各个季节的总氮沉降量均高于CSH和JJZ监测点.     

干旱区抗御洪水灾害的方法与措施研究--以新疆为例

从分析新疆特殊而复杂的地形地貌和多变的气候条件入手，阐述了深居内陆干旱区的新疆在适宜的地域和季节形成暴雨和大降水造成的洪水灾害，列举了大量典型洪灾实例及经济损失情况。并结合新疆实际，提出了防洪、减灾的方法措施，起到一个抛砖引玉的作用，引出更多有利于新疆抗御洪水危害和减灾方面好的经验和方法。     

地级以上城市的城市职能分类——以江浙沪地区为例

城市职能是城市在区域发展中所承担的分工。在国家或区域范围内,按照城市职能的相似性和差异性,研究城市与城市之间的分工,可以得到城市体系的职能结构。要得到城市体系的职能结构,首先要进行城市职能分类。对城市职能分类的方法经历了从简单到复杂、从定性到定量、从单指标到多指标的过程。以江浙沪地区25个地级以上城市为例,按照多因素分析和统计分析相结合的方法,研究得到这一城市体系的城市职能结构。上海是处于第一层级的综合性巨型城市,南京、杭州是处于第二层级的综合性特大城市,宁波、温州、绍兴、苏州、无锡是处于第三层级的综合性或专业化大城市,南通、盐城、徐州、金华是处于第四层级的综合性或专业化中等城市,其它12个城市则是处于第五层级的小城市。