沿海省区洪灾脆弱性空间变化的初步探究

目前,脆弱性评估主要有建立指标体系、依据历史灾情和建立灾损曲线三种方法。选取国内评价洪灾脆弱性的典型指标构建指标体系,并采用主成分分析方法从原始数据中提取占总方差85．614％的3个主成分来分析影响洪灾脆弱性的主要因素,并通过聚类分析的方法来反映沿海省区洪灾脆弱性的空间变化。结果表明：人均产值、城镇建成区面积、居民消费水平、人口密度和地均产值等是影响沿海省区洪灾脆弱性的主要因素。最终沿海11个省区根据脆弱性差异聚成4类。     

On the origin of elevated levels of persistent chemicals in the environment

In general, contamination levels tend to be highest close to sources of a chemical and decline with increasing distance as a result of dilution, dispersion and degradation. However, contrary to this, circumstances have been described when contamination levels are higher further away from sources than at the sources themselves. Examples are elevated levels of persistent, hydrophobic, organic chemicals in the Arctic, in mountain regions and in forest soils. In order to address the questions of why and when such an inversion of environmental levels is occurring, this paper seeks to identify, name and categorise principles of general validity leading to such behaviour. By compiling and analysing various causes of elevated contamination levels in the environment, three main categories became apparent, 1. equilibrium partitioning effects, 2. effects resulting from changes in phase composition, volume or temperature, and 3. dynamic or kinetic effects. These principles are illustrated with several examples. The case can be made that understanding, quantifying and predicting these causes could provide a general conceptual framework for studying the fate of chemicals in the environment.     

Rehabilitating China's Largest Inland River

Abstract:  Wetlands are particularly important for conserving China's biodiversity but riparian wetlands in the Tarim River basin in western China have been reduced by 46% during the last 3 decades. The world's largest habitat for Populus euphratica , which is in the Tarim River basin, significantly shrank. To protect and restore the deteriorated ecosystems along the Tarim River and its associated wetlands, China's government initiated a multimillion dollar river restoration project to release water from upper dams to the dried-up lower reaches of the Tarim River starting in 2000. We monitored the responses of groundwater and vegetation to water recharge in the lower reaches of the river from 2000 to 2006 by establishing nine 1000-m-long transects perpendicular to the river at intervals of 20–45 km along the 320-km river course below the Daxihaizi Reservoir, the source of water conveyance, to Lake Taitema, the terminus of the Tarim River. Water recharges from the Daxihaizi Reservoir to the lower reaches of the Tarim River significantly increased groundwater levels and vegetation coverage at all monitoring sites along the river. The mean canopy size of the endangered plant species P. euphratica doubled after 6 years of water recharge. Some rare migrating birds returned to rest on the restored wetlands in summer along the lower reaches of the Tarim River. The biggest challenge facing decision makers, however, is to balance water allocation and water rights between agricultural and natural ecosystems in a sustainable way. A large number of inhabitants in the Tarim Basin depend on these limited water resources for a living. At the same time, the endangered ecosystems need to be protected. Given the ecological, socioeconomic, and sociopolitical realities in the Tarim Basin, adaptive water policies and strategies are needed for water allocation in these areas of limited water resources.     

艾比湖流域大气降尘重金属的污染和健康风险

为了解新疆典型绿洲盆地经济发展背景下大气降尘中重金属的污染状况及潜在健康风险,通过采集样品,测试了其中重金属Zn、Cr、Hg、As、Pb、Cd和Cu含量,然后结合富集因子(EF)、地累积指数(Igeo)和健康风险评估方法进行研究.结果表明:艾比湖流域年降尘通量平均值为298.23g/m2,各月降尘平均值为24.85g/m2,从年内分配来看,艾比湖流域冬半年(2013年8月~2014年2月)大气降尘通量明显大于夏半年 (2014年3~7月),富集系数计算表明,艾比湖流域大气降尘中重金属Cu、Cr和As,主要来自于流域自然地质背景;降尘中重金属Pb、Cd和Hg主要受人为污染因素的影响.地积累指数评价表明艾比湖流域大气降尘中重金属As、Cr、Cu和Zn的无污染等级在全年各月所占比例最大;重金属Pb、Cd和Hg轻污染等级较大,中度污染也占有一定比率.健康风险评价表明艾比湖流域大气降尘中重金属的致癌和非致癌风险概率均较低,不会对流域人体健康造成危害.     

基于格点数据的西北干旱区极端降水事件分析

根据国家气象信息中心发布的0.5°×0.5°中国地面逐日降水格点数据集,选取最大1 日降水量(RX1day)、最大5 日降水量(RX5day)、R95 极端降水量(R95)、湿天降水量(PRCPTOT)、持续干旱日数(CDD)和日降水强度(SDII)等指数,利用Sen 斜率法、相关分析法等方法分析了1961-2011 年中国西北干旱区极端降水特征,并探讨了各极端降水指数与北极涛动的关系,此外还与早期基于气象台站观测数据的相关研究结果进行了对比。结果表明:在时间尺度上,除CDD显著下降(P<0.01)外,其他指数均呈微弱上升趋势。在空间上,RX1day、RX5day、R95、PRCPTOT和SDII 在研究区内主要呈现西部明显增加、东部微弱减小的趋势,但CDD则整体呈现减小趋势。基于NCAR资料的夏季北极涛动指数与西北干旱区的CDD有很好的相关性(P<0.05),表明夏季北极涛动与该区的干旱事件发生之间存在一定联系。与早期站点数据的研究相比,格点数据覆盖度更好,能更为细致地描述空间变化特征,特别是在天山、阿尔泰山等山区的细节刻画上表现出一定的优势。     

长江三角洲城市群发展研究

概观当代城市发展的趋势,全球化促进了全球城市发展,区域化正在形成巨型城市区域,地方化使城市集群各具特色。长江三角洲城镇群在国家具有特别重要的地位与作用,也是中国融入全球化进程首要的全球区和全球城市形成地区。长江三角洲城镇空间布局应该顺应这些潮流,发展全球城市,建设巨型城市区,组建网络城市,规划走廊城市。     

The challenge of managing threatened invasive species at a continental scale

The European Union's (EU) environmental legislation establishes common measures to prevent the entry and spread of invasive non-native species and to minimize their impacts. However, species that are native to at least one member state but non-native and potentially invasive in others (NPIS) are in limbo because they are neither legally regulated at the EU level nor in most member states. We used the Communication and Information Resource Centre for Administrations, Businesses and Citizens (CIRCABC) raw data on NPIS (317 taxa) to analyze their distribution across the EU and identify which biogeographical regions are the main sources of invasions. We additionally evaluated the conservation challenge posed by NPIS that are threatened within their native ranges. We performed a pairwise analysis summarizing the number of species that are native to a given member state but non-native to another and vice versa. Although distribution patterns of NPIS varied across taxa groups, overall, southern and central EU countries were both donors and recipients of NPIS. Eastern countries were mainly a source, and western and northern countries mostly received NPIS. Around 27% of NPIS were threatened in some of their EU native ranges, which is a challenge for conservation and management because some of them have serious negative effects on European biodiversity, but hitherto remain outside the scope of the EU regulation of invasive non-native species. This highlights an unresolved paradox because efforts to manage species as invasive conflict with efforts to protect them as threatened within the same territory.     

干旱半干旱地区城市单位附属绿地配置模式评价——以神东矿区为例

调查了神东矿区23个单位附属绿地的绿化结构,测定并评价了绿地的各种功能效益和蒸腾耗水量,最后选择绿地持续稳定、功能效益、蒸腾耗水量、整体美景度4个方面10个指标,用主成分分析法综合评价了不同绿地配置模式的优劣顺序,筛选出较好的配置模式。评价分析表明:上湾小学总体表现最好,神东煤矿职工生活小区总体表现普遍较差;绿量是决定城市绿地功能效益的关键因素,城市绿化不仅要增加绿化覆盖率,还要注重提高单位面积绿地绿量;乔木树种不仅绿量和发挥的功能效益最大,蒸腾耗水量也很大,因此,干旱半干旱地区城市单位附属绿地在提高节水乔木树种(如新疆杨Populus alba var．pyramidalis)比例的同时,还应注重配置花灌木树种(如玫瑰Rosa rugosa、紫丁香Syringa oblata),并适当地用自然杂草代替人工草坪覆盖地表,以适应干旱地区水分短缺的需求。     

Community-scale analysis of the farmland abandonment occurrence process in the mountain region of Ladakh,India

Farmland abandonment has been a significant issue in mountain regions. Thus, many studies have attempted to uncover its driving factors. Most existing studies take a large- or meso-scale view of mountain regions, and there are a few studies that provide community-level analysis. Therefore, it is unclear how ecological and sociopolitical factors are actually combined to influence farmland abandonment at a community level. Thus, we conducted a field survey in the mountain village of Ladakh, northern India, beginning in 2009 and tried to understand the farmland abandonment occurrence process from the viewpoint of traditional altitudinal models of land use. Using data collected during the survey, a relationship between altitude and farmland abandonment was established. However, this relationship was complex, combining traditional forms of land use system in the village. The altitudinal model of land use was very common in mountain regions; thus, discussions of current land use issues should be based on an understanding of such traditional altitudinal systems.     

长江沿江地区发展态势评估与分类

区域发展是城市化与工业化进程中需要解决的重大理论与实际问题,评估区域发展态势是进一步研究区域发展前景的基础。基于区域可持续发展理论,从区域发展水平与发展成本的辩证关系出发,以长江沿江产业带40个地级城市为基本评价单元,选取标识发展水平和发展成本最重要的指标,构建了基于“经济-社会-资源-环境”的复合指标体系。在综合评价长江沿江地区经济社会发展水平和资源环境发展成本的基础上,依据二维判别矩阵,将长江沿江地区划分为高发展高成本区、高发展低成本区、低发展高成本区和低发展低成本区等4种类型区,并针对不同类型区域,分别从产业发展、生态保护、区域协调等方面提出了相应的发展政策和措施,为长江沿江地区新一轮的区域发展提供依据