某市给水管网中铁释放现象影响因素与控制对策分析

针对某市管网水中铁浓度的变化规律进行了系统的研究,确定了管垢向管网水中释放出的铁是管网水中铁超标的主要原因.研究中发现铸铁管和镀锌钢管中管垢的主要化学组分为铁.在给水管网中,管网水的溶解氧和余氯浓度低时,对应的管网水中铁释放现象严重,其原因是还原条件使管垢表面的致密钝化层被破坏,造成二价铁的大量释放.根据试验结果提出了给水管网中铁释放和“红水”现象的控制对策.     

Trace elements and microbiological parameters in farmed Nile tilapia with emphasis on muscle,water, sediment and feed

Fish may bioaccumulate contaminants from the aquatic environment and extend them to the food chain provoking risks to human health. This study evaluated the microbiological parameters of the pond´s water and trace elements concentrations in samples of water, sediment, feed and muscle of farmed Nile tilapia used for human consumption in southern Brazil. A total of 240 fish were collected from 12 tilapia farms. Sediment, tank water and dry ration used in the animals' diet were collected for analysis. Analysis were performed by Energy Dispersion X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF), Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS), Induced Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES), and Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS-VGA). In addition, the microbiological analysis of the water was carried out. The concentrations of Se, I, Fe, Cu and Zn in fish muscle were higher than the recommended by the Brazilian legislation, considering the advised daily intake for adults. The arsenic element had concentrations above the limit stipulated by the present Brazilian legislation, observed in all samples of muscle, sediment and tank water highlighting a possible environmental and fish contamination by the toxic element. Moreover, the arsenic concentration in the water presented a positive correlation (ρ?=?0.33) with arsenic in the muscle, suggesting that tilapia is a good environmental bioindicator, once they properly reflect the levels of arsenic in the water. It is suggested to perform an arsenic speciation for quantification of the inorganic form and accurate assessment of the degree of toxicity in the muscle samples and risks it can bring to human health. Regarding the other potentially toxic elements (Hg, Pb and Cd), and microbiological analysis of water it was verified that the consumption of the fish in question does not raise risks, since the values are within a quality benchmark established by law. The concentration of total and fecal coliforms in pond´s water in the facilities was in agreement with the microbiological indexes required by the legislation of CONAMA class II. Western region presented the lowest concentrations of fecal coliforms when compared to the other regions. There was no significant difference in the microbiological counts of total heterotrophic bacteria, Vibrio spp. and Pseudomonas spp. among the regions.     

水源更换对给水管网水质的影响研究

为了研究水源更换对给水管网水质的影响,对北方A市水源更换过程中管网水质理化指标进行了监测分析.通过33 h的监测发现,由于水源水质不同造成管网水质化学不稳定,管网水水质部分指标发生了明显的下降,pH从7.54降到7.18,碱度从188　mg·L^-1降到117 　mg·L^-1,氯化物从310 　mg·L^-1降到132 　mg·L^-1（以Cl^-计）,电导率从0.176　S·m^-1降到0.087 　S·m^-1,钙离子和镁离子略有下降分别为15 　mg·L^-1和11 　mg·L^-1,这些都是由于滦河水质与黄河水质不同造成的;余氯在换水过程中发生了较复杂的变化,主要是由于水源更换造成耗氯量增加以及夜间用水量少造成管网水输配时间长引起的;pH、碱度、余氯的变化使得管网水中铁的含量增加,最高达到0.4 　mg·L^-1,超出饮用水标准规定的0.3 　mg·L^-1.通过分析水源更换过程中水质的变化,提出了控制管网水质稳定的方法主要有提高pH、增加碱度、投加缓蚀剂和严格保证出厂水及管网水水质指标特别是余氯等.     

含砷污泥的粉煤灰固化研究

硫酸废水处理系统的中和污泥属于有害废渣,其中As浸出率超标.采用固化的方法处理某冶炼厂硫酸废水中和污泥,发现以水泥∶粉煤灰∶污泥=1∶1∶2的配比固化后,固化块浸出液浓度达到国标规定(1.5 mg/L).研究表明,粉煤灰替代水泥50%可达到较好的固化效果,浸泡24 d后浸出浓度达到稳定值,pH值为7时浸出浓度最小,外加剂对固化有负影响,采用湿养护可获得更好的效果.     

湖泊沉积物中磷化氢的释放动力学初探

采用柱状芯样模拟法,研究了太湖沉积物-水界面磷化氢的释放动力学.结果表明:当沉积物-水界面磷化氢的释放达到动态平衡时,水界面中磷化氢的浓度基本不再增大,大约在0.34 pg·l-1左右,此时磷化氢的释放通量约为0.008 pg·dm-2·h-1.根据室内模拟结果,太湖沉积物每年的磷化氢释放量在13.81-49.62 g之间,从而使磷化氢在湖水中的平均浓度达到0.16 pmol·l-1.     

潮间带沉积物/大气Hg的释放的模拟研究

研究了潮间带沉积物中的Hg向大气的释放,结果表明光照造成沉积物中的Hg快速向大气释放.光照8 h后,海泊河口和黄河口沉积物释放到大气中的Hg分别占58%和51%,其释放通量总体上遵循先升高后降低的规律,前者在13:00～14:00达到最大值2 830μg/(m2·h),后者在12:00～13:00达到最大值73μg/(m2·h);海泊河口沉积物Hg的释放通量与大气温度、沉积物温度和光照强度的相关系数分别为0.83(P＜0.05)、0.98(P＜0.01)和0.73(P＜0.05),黄河口沉积物Hg的释放通量与大气温度、沉积物温度和光照强度的相关系数分别为0.73(P＜0.05)、0.80(P＜0.05)和0.81(P＜0.01),温度、光照对沉积物Hg的释放有重要的影响.     

微波消解-原子荧光法测定海洋沉积物中As的研究

研究了微波消解海洋沉积物中的As,在比较几种不同的酸消解体系后,得到适合海洋沉积物分析的酸消解体系.与传统的湿法消解比较,测试结果无显著性差异.微波消解具有快速高效、试剂用量少、空白值低、样品不易挥发等优点,已成为海洋沉积物样品前处理的有效手段.     

Secondary arsenic minerals in the environment: A review

Information on arsenic (As) speciation in solid materials is critical for many environmental studies concerned with As stability and/or mobility in natural As-impacted soils and mining or industrial sites contaminated by As. The investigation of these systems has provided evidence for a number of secondary As minerals that have often played a significant role in As mobility in the solid phase–water system. This paper presents a list of environmentally important secondary As minerals in contaminated soil and waste systems, summarizes the information about their origin, occurrence, environmental stability and thermodynamics, and proposes several important avenues for further investigation.     

膜蒸馏去除水中砷的研究

采用新型膜蒸馏技术对水中As（III）与As（Ⅴ）的去除展开了研究。实验结果表明,膜蒸馏对水中As (III)及As (Ⅴ)具有较高的去除能力：当产水中砷含量超过10 μg/L时,原水中As (III)与As (Ⅴ)的浓度可分别高达40 mg/L和2 000 mg/L。局部润湿现象的存在导致As (III)及As (Ⅴ)跨膜至产水侧,PVDF微孔膜在溶液中的负电性以及As (III)与 As (Ⅴ)在溶液中存在形式的不同导致膜蒸馏对两者去除能力的差异。360 h连续运行过程中产水通量及电导率稳定,且整个过程中As (III)均低于检测限,说明PVDF微孔膜具有良好的疏水性和稳定的除砷性能。     

Numerical simulation of hydrogen–air detonation for damage assessment in realistic accident scenarios

An accidental hydrogen release within an equipment enclosure may result in the presence of detonable mixture in a confined environment. From a safety standpoint, it is then useful to assess the potential for damage. In that context, numerical simulation of the sequence of events subsequent to detonative ignition provides a useful tool, although with obvious limitations. This article describes the procedure, summarizes two case studies, and reviews the limitations. First, a hydrogen dispersion pattern is obtained from numerical simulation of dispersion, using a commercial package designed primarily for incompressible flow. This dispersion cloud is then used as the initial condition in an inviscid, compressible, reactive flow simulation. To force detonative ignition, a sufficiently large amount of energy is deposited in a small region that corresponds to the ignition location. Chemistry is modeled using a single step Arrhenius model. Because the wave thickness is small compared with the computational domain, a fine mesh is needed, limiting the practicality of the process to two-dimensional geometries. This is the most significant limitation; it is conservative. The two cases described in the paper include an electrolyzer, in which a small release occurs, leading potentially to some damage to the enclosure, and a reformer, in which the consequences are potentially more serious.