后张梁管道摩阻损失测试技术与数据处理

针对常规测试中存在的问题 ,改进了管道摩阻损失的测试方法 ,消除了喇叭口等因素影响 ,使得管道摩阻测试更加合理和准确。介绍了后张法预应力管道摩阻损失的计算 ,结合秦沈客运专线双线整孔简支箱梁的管道摩阻损失测试 ,利用最小二乘原理对测试数据进行处理 ,得到了摩阻系数 μ和k的计算公式 ,所得参数为施工提供了依据。最后讨论了摩阻系数对张拉控制应力的影响 ,提出现场测试的一般性原则和要求。     

预防煤炭自燃的注砂技术实验研究

山砂是我国西北部矿区地表的主要自然资源之一,但如用其直接作为煤矿注浆防灭火的原料,不仅会造成输送管路的堵塞,还会引起输送管路的严重磨损。为此,首先研究了常见增稠剂羧甲基纤维素、聚丙烯酰胺和聚丙烯酸钠等对砂粒的悬浮性能,实验结果表明它们只能延缓砂粒的沉降。进而从理论上分析了砂粒悬浮的条件,发现具有一定屈服应力的假塑性流体特性的液体才能悬浮砂粒;并且悬浮砂粒粒径越大,所需屈服应力也越大。基于理论分析,研制了具有该特性的浆液,山砂在该浆液中不仅具有良好的悬浮性能,浆液还具有输送阻力小的特性。管道输送试验表明,浆液稳定性和流动阻力符合实际要求。     

Conservation implications of physiological carry‐over effects in bats recovering from white‐nose syndrome

Although it is well documented that infectious diseases can pose threats to biodiversity, the potential long‐term consequences of pathogen exposure on individual fitness and its effects on population viability have rarely been studied. We tested the hypothesis that pathogen exposure causes physiological carry‐over effects with a pathogen that is uniquely suited to this question because the infection period is specific and time limited. The fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans causes white‐nose syndrome (WNS) in hibernating bats, which either die due to the infection while hibernating or recover following emergence from hibernation. The fungus infects all exposed individuals in an overwintering site simultaneously, and bats that survive infection during hibernation clear the pathogen within a few weeks following emergence. We quantified chronic stress during the active season, when bats are not infected, by measuring cortisol in bat claws. Free‐ranging Myotis lucifugus who survived previous exposure to P. destructans had significantly higher levels of claw cortisol than naïve individuals. Thus, cryptic physiological carry‐over effects of pathogen exposure may persist in asymptomatic, recovered individuals. If these effects result in reduced survival or reproductive success, they could also affect population viability and even act as a third stream in the extinction vortex. For example, significant increases in chronic stress, such as those indicated here, are correlated with reduced reproductive success in a number of species. Future research should directly explore the link between pathogen exposure and the viability of apparently recovered populations to improve understanding of the true impacts of infectious diseases on threatened populations.     

Investigating the effect of compression on solute transport through degrading municipal solid waste

The effect of applied compression on the nature of liquid flow and hence the movement of contaminants within municipal solid waste was examined by means of thirteen tracer tests conducted on five separate waste samples. The conservative nature of bromide, lithium and deuterium tracers was evaluated and linked to the presence of degradation in the sample. Lithium and deuterium tracers were non-conservative in the presence of degradation, whereas the bromide remained effectively conservative under all conditions. Solute diffusion times into and out of less mobile blocks of waste were compared for each test under the assumption of dominantly dual-porosity flow. Despite the fact that hydraulic conductivity changed strongly with applied stress, the block diffusion times were found to be much less sensitive to compression. A simple conceptual model, whereby flow is dominated by sub-parallel low permeability obstructions which define predominantly horizontally aligned less mobile zones, is able to explain this result. Compression tends to narrow the gap between the obstructions, but not significantly alter the horizontal length scale. Irrespective of knowledge of the true flow pattern, these results show that simple models of solute flushing from landfill which do not include depth dependent changes in solute transport parameters are justified.     

Alternative management structures for municipal waste collection services: The influence of economic and political factors

Identifying and characterising the factors that determine why a local authority opts for a particular way of managing its waste collection service is an important issue, warranting research interest in the field of municipal solid waste (MSW) management. This paper presents empirical evidence spanning a broad time horizon (2002–2010) showing that economic and political factors impact in different ways on the provision of waste management services. We examine five alternatives in this area, including public and private service delivery formulas and, within each field, individual and joint options. Our findings highlight the importance of the service cost and that of the various indicators of fiscal stress as determinant factors of management decisions regarding the provision of MSW management services.     

外源钙盐对盐胁迫下沙拐枣渗透调节和膜脂过氧化的影响

为了解外源钙对缓解沙拐枣（Calligonum mongolicum）盐胁迫的主要生理机制,采用盆栽法探究在0、100、200 mmol/L的NaCl胁迫下,分别添加5、10、15和20 mmol/L的Ca（NO₃）₂对沙拐枣同化枝中w（脯氨酸）、丙二醛含量、w（可溶性蛋白）、w（可溶性糖）的影响.结果表明,单独添加Ca（NO₃）₂使沙拐枣同化枝内w（脯氨酸）、丙二醛含量、w（可溶性蛋白）以及w（可溶性糖）增加,即Ca（NO₃）₂对沙拐枣的生长造成了胁迫.对w（脯氨酸）、丙二醛含量、w（可溶性蛋白）、w（可溶性糖）来说,NaCl和Ca（NO₃）₂之间均存在极显著的交互作用,与对照相比,在c（NaCl）分别为100、200 mmol/L,添加c[Ca（NO₃）₂]为10、20 mmol/L时,w（脯氨酸）显著增加,分别达到最大值（736.7、1 086.3 μg/g）;丙二醛含量分别降低了37.8%和40.5%,w（可溶性蛋白）以及w（可溶性糖）均增加.总之,适宜浓度的钙盐通过增加渗透物质w（脯氨酸）、w（可溶性蛋白）及w（可溶性糖）,降低丙二醛的含量来有效缓解盐胁迫对沙拐枣幼苗产生的伤害,当c（NaCl）/c[Ca（NO₃）₂]为10:1时,缓解作用最佳,并且钙盐对沙拐枣盐胁迫的缓解属于抗性诱导的调节作用.      

短波长X射线衍射技术及在环境工程中的应用展望

介绍了短波长特征X射线衍射无损检测分析原理和方法,无损地测定了预拉伸铝板、高强钢孔挤压件、铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接件等材料部件的内部残余应力、内部物相、内部织构及其分布,并分析讨论了测试结果。该仪器具有体积小,投资少、使用维护方便等优势,展望了该无损检测分析技术在装备环境工程中的应用前景。     

丁腈橡胶密封圈高温老化行为——自由状态和承压状态

目的研究丁腈橡胶密封圈自由状态和承压状态下的高温老化行为。方法以拉伸强度和拉断伸长率为参数,对各温度下的老化行为进行表征和分析。结果 70℃条件下机械应力大大加快了橡胶密封件拉伸强度的下降速率,以致试验64 d时拉伸强度甚至比110℃时还低,拉断伸长率的下降速率也明显加快了;90℃加速条件下机械应力对拉伸强度的下降有一定的促进作用,但对拉断伸长率的变化基本无影响;110℃加速条件下机械应力对拉伸强度和拉断伸长率均没有明显的影响。结论机械应力在较低温度下可以显著促进丁腈橡胶密封圈热氧老化,高温条件下促进作用不明显。     

砷-菲对蜈蚣草根部不同碳基团的影响

采用离体鲜根实验和固态13C核磁共振技术(13C-NMR)研究蜈蚣草根部对砷和菲的吸收特征及根部碳基团的影响作用.结果表明,蜈蚣草根部在无蒸腾作用的条件下能够有效地吸收砷和菲,添加菲能够促进离体鲜根对砷的吸收,添加砷也可提高菲的吸收,与对照相比,菲提高了15%~53%.蜈蚣草离体鲜根中以烷氧基C为主,羧基C比例最低,且主要为羧酸、酯和酰胺类羧基C,添加砷和菲会显著增加蜈蚣草离体鲜根中羧基C的比例.蜈蚣草离体鲜根为应对砷和菲的胁迫形成了分子结构更为稳定和复杂的芳香类有机质,从而提高离体鲜根的抗性和适应性.     

北京市近郊区土壤砷累积特征

城市近郊区土地利用类型多元化,同时也承载着巨大环境压力,研究近郊区土壤污染特征对城市规划及发展有着重要意义.通过3 km×3 km网格布点,系统采样调查了北京市近郊区5～6环路之间167个样点的0～20 cm表层土壤样品中砷的含量,分析了城市近郊区土壤砷的累积特征.结果表明,北京市近郊区土壤砷含量为2.89～11.38 mg.kg-1,平均值为7.11mg.kg-1.平均值在90年代末的背景值调查数据的范围之内,但是各个分位数级别的值均小于80年代初的北京市土壤背景值调查数据.因子分析结果发现北京市近郊区土壤砷与来源于成土母质的Co、Mn和Ni元素一组.克里格插值得到的北京市近郊区土壤砷含量空间分布图表明,西北与东部及东南部分土壤砷含量较东北和西南部高,砷含量最高25%的土壤样点与点源污染有关,而砷含量最低25%的样点大多远离污染源.不同土地利用类型土壤砷的比较结果表明人类活动在一定程度上影响土壤中砷的累积,生活区与农田土壤砷含量相似且显著大于绿地和荒地.污染源对生活区和绿地与荒地土壤中砷的累积有显著影响,工厂区附近的土壤砷含量显著比远离工厂区和交通区的土壤高.因此,北京市近郊区土壤砷在整体空间分布上主要与成土母质有关,然而人类活动在一定程度上也显著增加了土壤砷的累积.