自组织神经网络在有害赤潮预警研究中的应用

根据非线性理论及有害赤潮的特点，探讨应用人工神经网络原理进行赤潮预警预报的方法，提出网络可塑性较强，无监督的ART－KOHONEN网络模型，阐述了其基本原理和算法。将该模型应用于辽宁省营口市鲅鱼圈海域，结果表明：该方法能较理想地解决无训练样本的分类识别问题，具有较高的精度，可用于有害赤潮的预警预报工作。     

利用复介电常数和BP人工神经网络进行浓度预测的研究

制备了一定含水率不同浓度的CuCl2的PVA样品,用微波矢量网络分析仪和微波传感器测量S11参数,计算得到相对复介电常数。以样品相对复介电常数的实部、虚部及对应频率作为输入,以CuCl2溶液的浓度作为输出,建立BP人工神经网络模型。用训练样本集对网络训练后,检验样本的预测结果与实际值最大误差为0.97%。结果表明,利用复介电常数和BP人工神经网络进行浓度预测是一种很好的方法,进而为环境监测提供了方法依据。     

浅析水生植物在异龙湖水体净化中的作用

通过对异龙湖历年的水质变化及湖泊水生植被情况的综合分析,提出利用生态工程治理异龙湖水体中主要污染物的治理方向。在水污染外源得到控制后,湖泊健康水生生态系统的修复,关键在于优化水生植物群落结构,提高生物多样性,提高对水质净化作用的持续性。     

利用人工神经网络对空气中O3浓度进行预测

将人工神经网络应用于对空气中O3的浓度预测,提出了完整的预测模型,选取风速、风向、相对湿度、云量、平均气温、最高气温等6项气象因子作为输入量,经过两个月的预测实验,结果表明,实测值与预测值的平均相对误差为21.49%,相关系数为0.837.表明人工神经网络对O3的浓度预测是一种有效的工具.     

5种杀虫剂对3种淡水浮游动物的急性毒性

探讨了5种不同类型杀虫剂(毒死蜱(Chlorpyrifos)、三氟氯氰菊酯(Cyhalothrin)、丁硫克百威(Carbosulfan)、阿维菌素(Abamectin)和锐劲特(Fpronil))对3种淡水浮游动物(大型溞(Daphnia magna)、萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionuscalyciflorus)和尾草履虫(Paramecium caudatum))的急性毒性作用。通过单一急性毒性试验,检测了5种常用杀虫剂对3种淡水浮游动物的24 h(大型溞和萼花臂尾轮虫)和1 h(尾草履虫)半致死浓度(LC50)。结果表明,随杀虫剂质量浓度增加,5种杀虫剂的毒性均明显增强,3种浮游动物的死亡率上升,呈明显的浓度-效应关系。5种杀虫剂对大型溞的24 h-LC50依次为0.001 mg/L、0.000 001 mg/L、0.078 mg/L、0.001 mg/L、0.098 mg/L,毒性均为剧毒;对萼花臂尾轮虫的24 h-LC50依次为0.081 mg/L、0.003 mg/L、0.062 mg/L、0.005 mg/L、0.476 mg/L,毒死蜱、三氟氯氰菊酯、丁硫克百威、阿维菌素为剧毒,锐劲特为高毒;对尾草履虫的1 h-LC50依次为0.434 mg/L、1.904 mg/L、4.851 mg/L、4.024 mg/L、33.393 mg/L,毒死蜱表现为高毒,三氟氯氰菊酯、丁硫克百威、阿维菌素为中毒,锐劲特为低毒。3种淡水浮游动物对杀虫剂的敏感性从大到小依次为大型溞、萼花臂尾轮虫、尾草履虫。从敏感性来说,大型溞和萼花臂尾轮虫均为较好的进行杀虫剂水环境生态效应评价的受试动物;尾草履虫由于时效快,在毒死蜱的检测中可作为优先考虑的受试动物。     

Differing Modes of Biotic Connectivity within Freshwater Ecosystem Mosaics

We describe a collection of aquatic and wetland habitats in an inland landscape, and their occurrence within a terrestrial matrix, as a “freshwater ecosystem mosaic” (FEM). Aquatic and wetland habitats in any FEM can vary widely, from permanently ponded lakes, to ephemerally ponded wetlands, to groundwater‐fed springs, to flowing rivers and streams. The terrestrial matrix can also vary, including in its influence on flows of energy, materials, and organisms among ecosystems. Biota occurring in a specific region are adapted to the unique opportunities and challenges presented by spatial and temporal patterns of habitat types inherent to each FEM. To persist in any given landscape, most species move to recolonize habitats and maintain mixtures of genetic materials. Species also connect habitats through time if they possess needed morphological, physiological, or behavioral traits to persist in a habitat through periods of unfavorable environmental conditions. By examining key spatial and temporal patterns underlying FEMs, and species‐specific adaptations to these patterns, a better understanding of the structural and functional connectivity of a landscape can be obtained. Fully including aquatic, wetland, and terrestrial habitats in FEMs facilitates adoption of the next generation of individual‐based models that integrate the principles of population, community, and ecosystem ecology.     

Adaptive Management and Climate Change Adaptation: Two Mutually Beneficial Areas of Practice

Adaptive management (AM) is a rigorous approach to implementing, monitoring, and evaluating actions, so as to learn and adjust those actions. Existing AM projects are at risk from climate change, and current AM guidance does not provide adequate methods to deal with this risk. Climate change adaptation (CCA) is an approach to plan and implement actions to reduce risks from climate variability and climate change, and to exploit beneficial opportunities. AM projects could be made more resilient to extreme climate events by applying the principles and procedures of CCA. To test this idea, we analyze the effects of extreme climatic events on five existing AM projects focused on ecosystem restoration and species recovery, in the Russian, Trinity, Okanagan, Platte, and Missouri River Basins. We examine these five case studies together to generate insights on how integrating CCA principles and practices into their design and implementation could improve their sustainability, despite significant technical and institutional challenges, particularly at larger scales. Although climate change brings substantial risks to AM projects, it may also provide opportunities, including creating new habitats, increasing the ability to quickly test flow‐habitat hypotheses, stimulating improvements in watershed management and water conservation, expanding the use of real‐time tools for flow management, and catalyzing creative application of CCA principles and procedures.     

采伐与人工更新对红壤丘陵区森林面积和地上生物量的影响模拟——以会同县磨哨林场为例

我国人工林生态系统正面临着结构退化、功能降低等问题,迫切需要通过合理的森林管理方案实施有效的管理措施加以改善。本文以湖南省会同县磨哨林场为研究区,应用生态系统过程模型PnET-II和森林景观模型LANDIS-II,采用情景模拟的方式研究未来100年低、中、高强度的采伐措施以及人工更新对森林面积和地上生物量的影响。结果表明：（1）随着采伐强度增加,人工针叶林面积持续减少、森林AGB下降幅度加大;（2）人工更新措施能够使人工针叶林面积保持稳定,促进其AGB积累,有利于人工林更新与生长;（3）对人工林采取中等强度采伐且实施伐后人工更新的管理方案有利于我国南方以杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolata）、马尾松（Pinus massoniana）为主要树种的人工林地区实现森林可持续经营。     

太湖流域湖荡湿地水生植物的分布特征

2018年在太湖流域内的87个湖荡湿地调查中共发现64种水生植物,隶属于33科51属.总体来看,太湖流域水生植物种类、数量以及覆盖面积与历史上比较呈下降趋势.根据流域上不同地理区域分区（东、西、南、北4个）,分析太湖流域水生植物的分类和功能多样性,发现太湖流域四个区域的分类α多样性指数分别为4.33、5.58、5.01和3.46, β多样性指数分别为3.46、4.23、1.63和7.02,且北部和西部、北部和南部、东部和西部、东部和南部、西部和南部湖荡湿地的分类α多样性均有显著差异,同时太湖流域北部和东部、北部和西部、北部和南部、西部和南部湖荡湿地间的分类β多样性有显著差异.功能多样性方面,四个区域的β多样性指数分别为0.18、0.14、0.09、0.30,太湖流域各分区部分之间水生植物的功能β多样性均有显著差异.CCA结果表明环境变量对太湖流域湖荡水生植物组成的解释度为21.21%,水体总氮和总磷贡献最大,水体富营养化可能是影响太湖流域水生植物衰退的一个重要原因.