Simultaneous voltammetric determination of four triazine herbicides in water samples with the aid of chemometrics

A novel differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of herbicides in water. A mixture of four herbicides, atrazine, simazine, propazine and terbuthylazine was analyzed simultaneously and the complex, overlapping DPV voltammograms were resolved by several chemometrics methods such as partial least squares (PLS), principal component regression (PCR) and principal component–artificial networks (PC–ANN). The complex profiles of the voltammograms collected from a synthetic set of samples were best resolved with the use of the PC–ANN method, and the best predictions of the concentrations of the analytes were obtained with the PC-ANN model (%RPE_T = 6.1 and average %Recovery = 99.0). The new method was also used for analysis of real samples, and the obtained results were compared well with those from the GC-MS technique. Such conclusions suggest that the novel method is a viable alternative to the other commonly used methods such as GC, HPLC and GC-MS.     

Evaluating Alternative Strategies for Minimizing Unintended Fitness Consequences of Cultured Individuals on Wild Populations

Artificial propagation strategies often incur selection in captivity that leads to traits that are maladaptive in the wild. For propagation programs focused on production rather than demographic contribution to wild populations, effects on wild populations can occur through unintentional escapement or the need to release individuals into natural environments for part of their life cycle. In this case, 2 alternative management strategies might reduce unintended fitness consequences on natural populations: (1) reduce selection in captivity as much as possible to reduce fitness load (keep them similar), or (2) breed a separate population to reduce captive‐wild interactions as much as possible (make them different). We quantitatively evaluate these 2 strategies with a coupled demographic–genetic model based on Pacific salmon hatcheries that incorporates a variety of relevant processes and dynamics: selection in the hatchery relative to the wild, assortative mating based on the trait under selection, and different life cycle arrangements in terms of hatchery release, density dependence, natural selection, and reproduction. Model results indicate that, if natural selection only occurs between reproduction and captive release, the similar strategy performs better. However, if natural selection occurs between captive release and reproduction, the different and similar strategies present viable alternatives to reducing unintended fitness consequences because of the greater opportunity to purge maladaptive individuals. In this case, the appropriate approach depends on the feasibility of each strategy and the demographic goal (e.g., increasing natural abundance, or ensuring that a high proportion of natural spawners are naturally produced). In addition, the fitness effects of hatchery release are much greater if hatchery release occurs before (vs. after) density‐dependent interactions. Given the logistical challenges to achieving both the similar and different strategies, evaluation of not just the preferred strategy but also the consequences of failing to achieve the desired target is critical. Evaluación de Estrategias Alternativas para Minimizar las Consecuencias No Inesperadas en la Adecuación de Individuos Criados en Cautiverio sobre Poblaciones Silvestres     

Using environmental DNA to assess population‐wide spatiotemporal reserve use

Scientists increasingly rely on protected areas to assist in biodiversity conservation, yet the efficacy of these areas is rarely systematically assessed, often because of underfunding. Still, adaptive management strategies to maximize conservation success often rely on understanding the temporal and spatial dynamism of populations therein. Examination of environmental DNA (eDNA) is a time and cost‐effective way to monitor species’ distribution, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) provides information on organismal abundance. To date, however, such techniques remain underused for population assessments in protected areas. We determined eDNA concentration of the critically endangered Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis) to describe its occurrence, range, and use of the Tian e‐Zhou National Nature Reserve in Hubei, China, across seasons and hydrological depths. Despite the observation that total eDNA concentrations were highest in surface waters in summer, finless porpoise eDNA concentrations were significantly higher in deeper waters than in surface waters in summer. During the breeding season (spring), eDNA signals were site specific and restricted to the core area of the reserve. However, postbreeding eDNA concentrations were widespread across the reserve, encompassing sites previously thought to be unfrequented by the species. Our results suggest spatiotemporal idiosyncrasies in site, depth, and seasonal use of the reserve and a propensity for postbreeding population dispersal. With eDNA and qPCR we were able to assess an entire population's use of a protected area. Illuminating nuances in habitat use via eDNA could be valuable to set pragmatic conservation goals for this, and other, species.     

水污染生物监测方法研究——以保山市杨柳乡小海坝为例

通过对水污染生物监测的理论依据和特点作介绍，再例举水污染生物监测的方法主要有生物指数法、水生植物生产力测定法和水污染生物测试法，最后以保山市杨柳乡小海坝为例，进一步说明了水污染生物监测的具体方法与实施步骤。     

Transformation and Ecotoxicity of Carbamic Pesticides in Water (5 pp)

Background N-methylcarbamate insecticides are widely used chemicals for crop protection. This study examines the hydrolytic and photolytic cleavage of benfuracarb, carbosulfan and carbofuran under natural conditions. Their toxicity and that of the corresponding main degradation products toward aquatic organisms were evaluated. Methods Suspensions of benfuracarb, carbosulfan and carbofuran in water were exposed to sunlight, with one set of dark controls, for 6 days, and analyzed by 1H-NMR and HPLC. Acute toxicity tests were performed on Brachionus calyciflorus, Daphnia magna, and Thamnocefalus platyurus. Chronic tests were performed on Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, and Ceriodaphnia dubia. Results and Discussion Under sunlight irradiation, benfuracarb and carbosulfan gave off carbofuran and carbofuran-phenol, while only carbofuran was detected in the dark experiments. The latter was degraded to phenol by exposure to sunlight. Effects of pH, humic acid and KNO3 were evaluated by kinetics on dilute solutions in the dark and by UV irradiation, which evidenced the lability of the pesticide at pH 9. All three pesticides and phenol exhibited acute and higher chronic toxicity towards the aquatic organisms tested. Conclusion Investigation on the hydrolysis and photolysis of benfuracarb and carbosulfan under natural conditions provides evidence concerning the selective decay to carbofuran and/or phenol. Carbofuran is found to be more persistent and toxic. Recommendations and Outlook The decay of benfuracarb and carbosulfan to carbofuran and the relative stability of this latter pesticide account for many papers that report the detection of carbofuran in water, fruits and vegetables.     

基于ANN耦合遗传算法的爆破方案选择方法

为预防露天矿爆破引起的事故,基于安全和经济方面的考虑,对露天矿爆破方案进行优化选择,提出将人工神经网络(ANN)模型与遗传算法(GA)相耦合,从而进行爆破方案优化。研究露天矿爆破可能引起的2种主要危害形式:超爆和飞石,进而确定超爆深度和飞石距离为爆破方案的被优化目标参数。另一方面,炮眼深、间距、装药深度、阻塞深度、单位炸药消耗量和钻孔率对超爆深度和飞石距离的影响是复杂的、非线性的,因而将其作为爆破方案的影响参数。分别用影响参数和目标参数作为ANN的输入值和输出值加以训练,训练后的ANN数据作为GA的适应度函数进行方案优化。结果表明:可找到符合工程实例数据的爆破方案集合,借助Pareto图,可得到相关参数的值最小(超瀑深度为0.6999m,飞石距离为27.3386m)的最优爆破方案。     

皆伐作业对林地土壤因子的影响

对福建省永安市元沙林业采育场杉阔混交人工林林地皆伐作业前后土壤理化性质变化进行试验研究.结果表明,皆伐作业使林地土壤许多理化性质发生改变.皆伐导致土壤容重增大0.13 g·cm-3,土壤结构体破坏率提高12.50%,最大持水量下降6.65%,总孔隙度减小3.88%; 同时土壤主要化学性质,如有机质、全N、水解性N、全P、速效P、全K、速效K等普遍降低,它们的含量分别下降8.14 g·kg-1、0.18 g·kg-1、7.20 mg·kg-1、0.38 g·kg-1、39.98 mg·kg-1、6.95 g·kg-1和12.31 mg·kg-1; 此外,对皆伐作业造成土壤理化性质变化的原因进行了分析,并从森林生态采运角度出发,提出减少皆伐作业对林地土壤破坏的技术措施.     

三亚市水体中PPCPs的污染水平、分布特征及生态风险评价

环境中药物和个人护理用品（PPCPs）污染已引起全球性的关注,为了解热带滨海旅游城市三亚市的河流及主要海湾中PPCPs的污染水平、空间分布特征及其潜在环境风险,采用固相萃取和高效液相色谱串联质谱测定了三亚市主要河流和海湾中的11种典型PPCPs类物质.结果表明,由于三亚市在冬季和夏季接待旅游人数和降雨量的季节性变化,以及在冬季大量涌入以老年人为主的"候鸟"人口,使得三亚市主要河流中PPCPs浓度的季节性差异显著.冬季11种PPCPs检出率为100%,咖啡因（CFI）检出浓度最高为1449.10 ng·L^-1,其次为美托洛尔（MTP）检出浓度最高为427.06 ng·L^-1和罗红霉素（RTM）检出浓度最高为311.59 ng·L^-1;夏季除磺胺甲唑（SMX）、磺胺噻唑（STZ）、泰乐菌素（TYL）、MTP和卡马西平（CBZ）的检出率在87.5%~93.75%,其余检出率为100%,CFI、MTP、RTM、红霉素（ETM）和氧氟沙星（OFL）浓度较高.主要海湾近岸海水中11种PPCPs均有检出,其中SMX、MTP和CBZ的检出率分别为85.7%、57.1%和71.4%,其余PPCPs检出率均为100%.CFI检出浓度最高,最大浓度为220.78 ng·L^-1.运用风险商值模型（RQ）评价11种PPCPs在三亚市河流生态环境中的潜在风险,发现冬季STZ在月川桥采样点和RTM在凤凰路采样点,由于附近的医院以及污水处理厂出水排入,RQ值均>l,对水体的生态环境存在高风险.在夏季STZ在三亚大桥采样点、RTM在红沙码头采样点的RQ值介于0.1~1之间,对水体的生态环境具有潜在的中风险.     

长江经济带湖北省人为源VOCs排放清单及变化特征

以人为源挥发性有机物（VOCs）为研究对象,以5类源活动水平数据为基础,采用排放因子法建立了长江经济带湖北省2018年人为源VOCs排放清单,并进一步研究了2009~2018期间工艺过程源VOCs排放特征及变化趋势.结果表明,湖北省2018年人为源VOCs排放总量为6.52×10⁵ t,约占全国总排放量的6.41%;化石燃料固定燃烧源、工艺过程源、溶剂使用源、移动源和废弃物处理源对湖北省的贡献分别为3.26%、76.39%、4.54%、14.72%和1.09%.涉及9个行业45个子类的工艺过程源在VOCs排放中占比突出,其中武汉市和宜昌市的VOCs排放量较高.从经济水平和区域面积分别分析了各市州工艺过程源VOCs排放强度,天门市和神农架林区单位GDP的VOCs排放量较高,而武汉市、鄂州市和天门市单位面积VOCs排放量较高.2009年VOCs排放量从2.45×10⁵ t逐年递增,2015~2017年趋于稳定,最大排放量达7.01×10⁵ t,2018年VOCs排放量降至4.98×10⁵ t,与全国人为源VOCs排放趋势相同.化学原料及化学制品制造业、橡胶和塑料制造业是其变化的主要驱动力,10年间贡献分别为33.85%~51.55%和7.07%~38.13%.其中化学药品原药、化学农药原药生产在10年间对VOCs排放贡献占据重要优势,而泡沫塑料生产排放量变化大,在2015~2017年突增到2.00×10⁴ t以上.湖北省在国家及地方相关政策引导下,重点行业VOCs减排效果显著.