人工神经网络方法在拟建小区域环境质量评价中的应用

人工神经网络的评价方法用于小区域环境质量评价中,根据本地区特点因地制宜地选择环境质量参数,代入模型中进行环境质量评价及预测,对用于环境质量评价的BP人工神经网络模型进行了改进,即对网络模型的训练样本进行了扩充,从而提高了模型的抗干扰能力和准确性.将改进了的BP人工神经网络模型应用于四川省资阳市沱江二桥拟建项目小区域的大气、地表水环境质量评价中, 对该市小区域大气、地表水环境质量状况进行评价,评价结果表明,BP人工神经网络模型用于环境质量评价是可行的,且评价结论客观,评价模型普遍适用.     

基于污泥堆肥产物与余泥渣土制备的人工土壤的理化性质分析与评价

为实现污水厂污泥及余泥渣土的协同处理和资源化利用,以“两步法”制备人工土壤,考察不同配比条件对人工土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明：污水污泥与3种不同辅料 (玉米秸秆、菌菇渣、木屑) 配比后进行好氧堆肥,堆肥结束后腐熟度符合国家相关标准要求,将污泥堆肥产物和余泥渣土制备得到人工土壤,其理化性质与天然土壤类似。堆肥添加量能显著影响人工土壤水稳性团聚体、pH值、EC、有机质、总氮及有效磷含量,在人工土壤种植应用时,污泥+玉米秸秆的堆肥种植效果最好,采用改进的内罗梅综合指数法进行综合评价,综合考虑,污泥+玉米秸秆堆肥产物添加量为30%、余泥渣土添加量为70%和污泥+玉米秸秆堆肥产物添加量为50%、余泥渣土添加量为50%是最优质的人工土壤,污泥+木屑堆肥次之,污泥+菌菇渣堆肥效果最差。     

Enhanced experimental flexibility and control in ecotoxicological mesocosm experiments--a new outdoor and indoor pond and stream system

Scope The German Federal Environmental Agency has put into operation a new modular mesocosm system consisting of eight outdoor and eight indoor ponds and streams in order to investigate fate and effects of chemicals and municipal wastewater in aquatic ecosystems. General design and special characteristics are given to demonstrate the wide range of possibilities for experimental research. - General design. Each of the 16 streams with riffle and pool sections can be varied in length up to 106 m. The streams can be run as circular or flow-through systems at a flow velocity of 0.02 to 0.6 m/s. Physico-chemical standard parameters are measured on-line. The 16 ponds, which can be connected to the stream systems, are equipped with drainage and pore water-sampling devices for simulating processes in the littoral zone including influent and effluent ground water flow. Perspectives Since the highly flexible and controllable construction also allows treating a wide range of hydrological and ecological experiments external institutions are invited to submit proposals.     

人工河流沉积物中磷的分布特征及其形态研究：以肇兰新河为例

以黑龙江省肇兰新河流域为研究对象,在调查区域水质和沉积物基本理化性质的基础上,采用SMT化学提取方法分析流域内表层、柱状沉积物中磷形态及含量,明确了人工河流沉积物各形态磷的空间分布特征。结合上覆水与沉积物理化性质,探讨了影响人工河流沉积物磷形态及释放因素。结果表明,肇兰新河流域内水体TP均值为2.61 mg·L⁻¹,属于劣V类水体。沉积物的TP为692.91~2 197.87 mg·kg⁻¹,整体处于中度污染水平。沉积物中Fe/Al-P含量占比较高。通过相关性分析发现,上覆水中ORP是影响OP、Fe/Al-P迁移的重要环境因子,沉积物中TC、OM、Fe含量是影响OP含量的重要因素。作为一条典型人工河流,肇兰新河流域磷污染负荷严重,相比自然河流形态结构单一,缓冲能力和纳污能力较弱。本研究可为了解人工河流沉积物磷形态及其含量,并进行流域污染防控提供参考。     

基于人工模拟雾霾装置的颗粒物沉降效果分析

雾霾对人类生活生产的影响日益严重,雾霾治理的研究逐渐受到重视,然而自然雾霾天气的不可预测性增加了研究难度。根据雾霾的组成特点,设计并搭建了一套人工模拟雾霾装置,对雾霾颗粒物的沉降效果进行浓度监测和分析。模拟结果表明：各种环境下,PM₁₀的浓度和沉降速率最高,总浓度占比保持在40%以上,PM_2.5浓度占比约为35%,PM₁浓度最低,仅占20%~25%;有风环境下,颗粒物的沉降速度明显提高,当沉降时间达到130 min后,PM₁的浓度达到20% 以下。装置成功模拟了100 min以上的重度雾霾以及20 min的中度雾霾,可为雾霾治理的研究提供稳定可控的实验环境。综合上述结果,将PM_2.5和PM₁凝结成PM₁₀,可加速雾霾的消散,对雾霾治理具有重要参考价值。     

盐度对人工渗滤系统中煤渣和陶粒除磷过程的影响

以煤渣和陶粒作为填料,通过静态吸附实验对二者的磷吸附动力学和等温吸附过程进行模型拟合,并考察了不同盐度对人工渗滤系统吸附除磷的影响。静态吸附实验结果表明,零盐度下,Elovich模型和双常数模型可较好拟合煤渣吸附除磷过程,而陶粒更符合一级动力学模型,二者吸附机理取决于填料的理化性质;不同盐度下,二者等温吸附过程 Langmuir 方程的拟合效果要好于Freundlich方程;盐度增大总体呈现对磷吸附的抑制作用,但由于盐度增加导致溶液中阴离子与磷酸根离子激烈竞争填料表面吸附位点,二者的吸附量均在1%和1.5% 盐度之间出现反复。人工渗滤系统连续实验结果表明,系统整体受盐度影响趋势与静态吸附实验结果基本一致。     

地下水人工补给过程介质堵塞及控制研究进展

人工补给作为解决地下水超采及其环境负效应的有效措施,在全球得到广泛应用.但人工补给过程中的介质堵塞问题对补给效率、运行成本及工程寿命有着显著不利影响.在收集整理已有研究资料的基础上,对人工补给类型,过程中介质堵塞机理、预测、控制和治理方法进行了详细归纳和总结.分析表明,介质堵塞受到介质、水源物化特征和水文地球化学条件等因素影响;堵塞预测方法有水质指标法、经验公式法、数学模型法;堵塞的预防目前以水质控制为主;堵塞的治理需综合物理和化学方法.尽管有关人工补给的多种技术已日益成熟,但结合介质空间差异特征和水源条件复杂性开展的人工补给促渗技术还需进一步研究.     

Effects of bisphenol A on Gammarus fossarum and Lumbriculus variegatus in artificial indoor streams

The impact of bisphenol A (BPA) on Gammarus fossarum and Lumbriculus variegatus was studied in four artificial indoor streams (0, 5, 50 and 500?µg?L^?1 BPA, nominal) over 103 days in a pulse–dose exposure scenario (weekly BPA application). For G. fossarum populations at day 103, the proportions of juveniles and of breeding females from the highest BPA treatment were in tendency reduced. For individually exposed gammarid pairs an EC₁₀ of 17?µg?L^?1 BPA (nominal) for the proportion of reproductive females in the fourth brood was determined. During the first three broods, the largest brood size occurred at the highest BPA concentration, whereas in the fourth brood it decreased concentration-dependently (fourth brood EC₁₀?=?5?µg?L^?1 BPA, nominal). Effects on L. variegatus were a reduced population growth (103?d-EC₁₀ of 2?µg?L^?1 BPA, nominal) and an increase in dry weight and the number of segments in large, complete worms.     

Behaviour of Dioxins,Furans and Metals Associated with Stabilized Msw Combustor Ash in Sea Water

This report presents the results of a research programme designed to examine the engineering and environmental acceptability of stabilizing municipal solid waste (MSW) combustor ash for artificial reef construction. Municipal solid waste combustor ash was combined with Portland cement to form solid blocks using conventional construction block making technology. the resultant stabilized combustor ash (SCA) blocks were used to construct an artificial habitat in Conscience Bay, Long Island Sound, New York and compared to identical concrete blocks, fabricated using natural aggregates. Over a 4.5 year period divers periodically returned to the site to monitor the interaction of SCA blocks with the marine environment and compare the performance of these blocks with the concrete control blocks. Results show that the SCA blocks retain their strength after prolonged sea water exposure. Contaminants of environmental concern, including metals, dioxins and furans, were retained within the cementitious matrix of the SCA blocks after prolonged sea water submersion. in addition, organisms growing on the surfaces of the SCA blocks did not accumulate contaminants from the blocks.     

人工甜味剂环境行为研究进展

人工甜味剂是一类人工合成或半合成的蔗糖取代物,由于人们对饮食健康的关注而被越来越广泛地应用于食品和饮料中.但是大多数人工甜味剂在人体内几乎不被代谢就随尿液和粪便直接排到生活污水中.近年,几种典型的甜味剂在水体中广泛被检出且浓度较高,同时研究发现部分甜味剂难以降解,因此人工甜味剂已被视为新型有机污染物而得到关注.本文就人工甜味剂在水处理设施中的行为及其在环境来源和分布的相关研究进行了综述,总结了水处理设施和水环境中甜味剂的污染特征规律,并对今后的研究进行了展望.