Comparison of different pre-treatment methods for enriching hydrogen-producing bacteria from intertidal sludge

Batch tests of cultivations were conducted to analyze influences of pre-treatment methods (heat–shock, acid, and alkaline) on hydrogen production. The hydrogen yields of the pre-treated samples were significantly higher than those without pre-treatment. Heat–shock pre-treatment yielded maximum hydrogen (75.5 ± 4.0 mL/g sucrose_removed), and had the highest sucrose removal efficiency (81.20 ± 1.23%). Heat–shock pre-treatment produced more ethanol and acetate (80.44 ± 0.55% of the total soluble metabolites), which belonged to ethanol-type fermentation. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles showed that pre-treatment methods affected the composition of microbial communities. The results showed that pre-treatment methods play a key role in the hydrogen production process of marine hydrogen-producing microflora.     

滇池人工湿地的植物群落学特征研究

用植物群落生态学方法,研究了滇池小河口的天然湿地以及表流和潜流两种人工湿地的植被群落学特征。研究区内调查发现有12种植物群落,包含有植物17种。结果表明：表流人工湿地的群落多样性大于潜流人工湿地,甚至也大于天然湿地;在两种人工湿地中,植物群落中的层次数比较接近;从植被群落结构来看,在物种多样性和shannon wiener指数方面表现为潜流人工湿地大于表流人工湿地,天然湿地居中。从天然湿地到表流湿地,再到潜流湿地,随着湿地环境水文条件的变化,植物群落组成与分布状况也在变化,表现出从湿地植物向陆生植物演替的趋势。研究表明两种人工湿地中的芦苇（Phragmites australis）群落长势不同。在人工湿地中适宜构建芦苇群落,在表面流人工湿地植物选择中可以考虑水芹菜（Oenanthe stolonifera）和慈菇（Sagittaria sagittifolia）。人工湿地的水文条件与湿地植物之间的相互关系是人工湿地进一步研究的重要方面。     

人工介质对水源水中藻类去除特性研究

采用人工介质富集微生物净化太湖梅梁湾水源地水体中的藻类.中试结果表明：随着介质密度和水力停留时间的增加,对藻类的去除率有所提高,增加水流速度并未降低对藻类的去除效果.当介质密度为26.8%、水力停留时间为5 d时,人工介质对藻类密度、生物量和叶绿素a的去除率分别为96.3%、88.7%、86.1%,表明人工介质对富营养化水体中藻类有较好地去除效果,同时对透明度和水下光照度也有明显的改善效果.     

Legal measures to reduce marine environmental risks of seawater desalination in China

Seawater desalination has become the focus of many countries to solve the problem of lacking freshwater resources. Seawater desalination in China launched in the 1960s and has developed rapidly since entering into the 21st Century. However, the technology of seawater desalination causes marine environmental pollution. After exploring the regulatory framework and legal system of reducing environmental risks of seawater desalination in China, it can be found that the existing regulatory framework and legal system have played a positive role in the treatment of seawater desalination, but it is undeniable that there are still many problems. How to effectively prevent or reduce the marine environment risks caused by seawater desalination and improve the existing regulatory framework and legal system in China are discussed. Specifically, in addition to further improve the Marine Environmental Protection Law, China shall integrate seawater desalination into unified regulation of marine resources, clarify statutory functions of various regulatory departments, improve the coordination mechanism, and promote marine environment and ecology protection by institutional construction.     

地下水位升降和抽水对海水楔影响的实验研究

为掌握滨海地带无压含水层中的海水楔因地下水位升降及抽水引起的移动规律,采用室内实验的方法,考察了海水楔在不同的水面坡度和抽水位置下的移动特性.通过改变水面坡度的方法探讨了海水楔侵入和后退的规律.在入侵时,海水楔在形成明确的咸淡水界面的同时向着内陆移动.水面坡度越小海水楔内陆入侵的范围越大,达到平衡状态所需要的时间越长.海水楔后退时的速度比侵入时快,且海水楔后退后其入侵过的区域能完全恢复到入侵前的状态.在海水楔外部抽水初期,海水楔的长度略有减小.在此之后其长度急剧增加,但随着平衡状态的接近,这种增长率逐渐变小.抽水引起的咸淡水界面的隆起位置位于抽水位置和咸淡水界面的最短距离处.抽取的地下水中海水的比例随着抽水位置与海水楔的接近会急剧增大.在海水楔内部抽水时,海水楔的长度随着时间呈指数函数的关系减小,且较外部抽水时到达平衡状态时所需要的时间短.此外,还给出了能预测因地下水位的升降引起的海水楔前进和后退的数学模型.     

特殊人工环境对武器装备的危害

给出了在战争条件下特殊人工环境的定义,并举例说明了人工环境在古今战役中的应用,具体阐述了烟尘环境、核环境、电磁辐射环境和生化有毒沾染环境等4种特殊人工环境对武器装备各方面的危害,最后指出了在现代高技术战争中研究特殊人工环境对武器装备危害的重要性和必要性.     

基于LS-SVM的供水管网安全性评价方法研究

为评价城市供水管网的安全性,保障其正常运行,笔者基于多元分类最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)的方法,在对城市供水管网安全运行影响因素总结与分析的基础上,构建供水管网安全性评价的指标因素集与评价模型,通过对有限的经验数据的学习,建立供水管网安全性与其影响因素之间的非线性关系。运用该模型进行实例仿真模拟,通过与实际安全等级及BP神经网络模型预测安全等级之间的对比表明:基于LS-SVM的供水管网安全性评价方法具有较高的精度,正确分类率可以达到83.33%。     

管线钢的海水微生物腐蚀

以海水环境中管线钢的微生物腐蚀(MIC)为中心,就国内外与其相关的报道进行综述分析,并提出建议。首先,分析了海水中导致管线钢腐蚀的主要微生物种类及其代谢过程的特点,得出海水中腐蚀微生物具有多样性特征,代谢途径受环境参数的影响。然后,分析了海水中微生物所致管线钢腐蚀机理的研究现状,得出管线钢MIC机理主要与细菌的代谢产物、代谢活动和生物膜的形成有关,突出不同环境下管线钢MIC的复杂性。再次,介绍了海水中管线钢MIC防治的研究现状,并分析了主要防护技术的优缺点。最后,提出对海水环境管线钢MIC研究工作的建议,包括建立海水管线钢腐蚀微生物种类数据库、大力研发绿色高效MIC控制技术、加强对海水管线钢MIC基础性研究工作的投入等。     

PREDICTION OF LOCAL SCOUR AROUND BRIDGE PIERS USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS1

This paper describes a method for predicting local scour around bridge piers using an artificial neural network (ANN). Methods for selecting input variables, calibrations of network control parameters, learning process, and verifications are also discussed. The ANN model trained by laboratory data is applied to both laboratory and field measurements. The results illustrate that the ANN model can be used to predict local scour in the laboratories and in the field better than other empirical relationships that are currently in use. A parameter study is also carried out to investigate the importance of each input variable as reflected in data.     

竖向断裂缝对场地地震动的影响分析

断裂缝在工程场地十分常见,研究其对场地地震动的影响很有必要.基于应用局部人工边界条件模拟辐射阻尼影响的二维显式有限元方法,分别对垂直入射和斜入射地震波情形下具有不同深度的竖向断裂缝场地地震动进行了数值模拟,并与地表水平的均匀半空间场地地震动进行了对比,结果表明,断裂缝对其附近场地地震动的影响显著,但随着离开裂缝的距离变大,其影响迅速减小.