CONTRIBUTIONS OF RAINFALL TO CONSTITUENT LOADS IN STORM RUNOFF FROM URBAN CATCHMENTS1

ABSTRACT: Rainfall is a significant source of some constituents, particularly nitrogen species, in storm runoff from urban catchments. Median contributions of rainfall to storm runoff loads of 12 constituents from 31 urban catchments, representing eight geographic locations within the United States, ranged from 2 percent for suspended solids to 74 percent for total nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen. The median contribution of total nitrogen in rainfall to runoff loads was 41 percent. Median contributions of total-recoverable lead in rainfall to runoff loads varied by as much as an order of magnitude between catchments in the same geographic location. This indicates that average estimates of rainfall contributions to constituent loading in storm runoff may not be suitable in studies requiring accurate constituent mass-balance computations.     

Characterisation of sequential leachate discharges of mining waste rock dumps in the Tinto and Odiel rivers

Mining waste rock dumps (WRDs) are potential sources of pollution, which after rainfall produce leachate discharges, loaded with acid mining drainage (AMD). The discharges generally occur in two phases: initial rapid leaching over a period of 1-7 days, followed by a period of variable duration during which leaching decelerates. The relative preponderance of each phase depends on the characteristics of the WRD, including its antecedent hydrological condition, and the temporal pattern and amount of rainfall.     

SAMPLING ACCURACY OF PIT VS. STANDARD RAIN GAGES ON THE FERNOW EXPERIMENTAL FOREST1

ABSTRACT: Catch in standard (unshielded) rain gages exposed 3 feet above the land surface was compared with catch in pit (buried) gages exposed 1 inch above the land surface. These tests confirmed that catch in standard gages under estimates point rainfall in forest openings, as well as in conventional weather stations. Pit gages caught significantly (P=0.05) more rain than did standard gages at each of four locations tested. Catch increases ranged from 2.3 to 3.4 percent.     

基于粗糙集-人工神经网络的航空安全文化评价模型研究

根据航空运输企业安全生产系统的特征,制定相对科学的、适用的安全文化评价指标体系。将粗糙集、人工神经网络方法应用于航空安全文化评价研究。首先,通过问卷调查与粗糙集方法相结合,对安全文化评价指标信息表进行设定。利用粗糙集的属性约简功能,确定航空安全文化的核心要素;其次,利用人工神经网络对约简后指标权重进行计算;经过仿真实验,训练后的神经网络较好地获取并保存了安全文化评价的知识和经验,能够较为准确地对航空安全文化进行评价。     

关于我国雨能分布研究

利用全国多雨、中雨和少雨典型区的自记雨量曲线和 Kinnel 方程:E=29.233·(1-e~(-(0.0477I+0.112)))计算出各点各次降雨的雨能值,并作出各区按月降雨(x)和雨能(y)的关系式:y=15.592x-171.630(多雨区),y=16.257x-280.279(中雨区),y=16.493x-107.676(少雨区)。将全国77个观测点的按月雨量资料计算出全年的雨能值。通过作图得到我国多雨和中雨区的年降雨量 P 和年雨能值 E 的关系:E=11.67p;和少雨区的关系:E=14.95P。从而可用此来估算全国各测点的雨能值。     

基于粗糙集——粒子群神经网络的建设项目安全预测研究

回顾施工项目安全管理和安全管理研究现状,建立建设项目安全管理指标体系。利用人工神经网络非线性函数逼近能力,对项目风险因素程度预测。针对该网络当数据量大时,其结构复杂、收敛慢,易陷入局部最优的缺点,引入粗糙集对影响建设项目安全目标的不确定性因素进行约简,找出最小不确定性风险因素集,大大简化网络输入信息的表达空间维数。并结合粒子群算法收敛速度快、全局最优的寻优能力强的优点,建立基于粗糙集——粒子群神经网络的建设项目安全预测系统。通过实例验证该系统的科学性和有效性。     

基于AHP与重要性指标筛选的神经网络评价模型与应用

以对评价目标有影响的所有评价指标作为神经网络的输入,会导致网络模型复杂、降低其性能和影响计算精度的问题,因而提出基于层次分析法和重要性指标筛选法的神经网络评价建模方法即首先运用层次分析法对评价指标进行重要度排序,然后利用重要性指标筛选法过滤出对评价目标有重要影响的指标,以其结果作为神经网络的输入。该法不仅简化网络模型,而且提高网络的性能和计算精度。运用该法对企业安全工作评价,结果证明,不仅是可行的,而且达到了预期的目的。     

人工电磁辐射源固有危险性指数法评价研究

在总结现有安全评价方法基础上,结合电磁辐射中对污染危害有影响的因素建立了电磁辐射源固有危险性评价的指数法评判模型.在该模型里,就电磁辐射源固有危险性评判的评价指标与等级选取、评价指标标准以及权重确定等进行了研究.     

秦皇岛湿润生态环境变化

利用线性倾向分析、滑动平均和计算干燥度等方法对秦皇岛市1954-2005年降水、气温、相对湿度、蒸发量、干燥度等变化进行分析研究，结果表明：近50年秦皇岛地区气温逐渐升高，降水减少，气候干燥度普遍增大，生态环境呈干旱化趋势，南部干旱化进程较北部大，90年代后干旱化趋势增大。