利用复介电常数和BP人工神经网络进行浓度预测的研究

制备了一定含水率不同浓度的CuCl2的PVA样品,用微波矢量网络分析仪和微波传感器测量S11参数,计算得到相对复介电常数。以样品相对复介电常数的实部、虚部及对应频率作为输入,以CuCl2溶液的浓度作为输出,建立BP人工神经网络模型。用训练样本集对网络训练后,检验样本的预测结果与实际值最大误差为0.97%。结果表明,利用复介电常数和BP人工神经网络进行浓度预测是一种很好的方法,进而为环境监测提供了方法依据。     

GIS支持下的黄土高原地区植被生态梯度分析

在地理信息系统(GIS)支持下对黄土高原地区257个样方的植被进行了研究。DCA分析较好地反映了植被的连续性变化及植被的生态梯度与气候因子的关系。分析的结果表明．植被组成和结构沿经、纬度变化明显，分异出森林、森林草原、温性草原、荒漠半荒漠植被等不同类型，优势种替代明显，植物种类也形成了不同的生态类型。植被的梯度变化与气候因子密切相关，较好地反映了黄土高原地区环境与结构的空间变异特点。     

利用人工神经网络对空气中O3浓度进行预测

将人工神经网络应用于对空气中O3的浓度预测,提出了完整的预测模型,选取风速、风向、相对湿度、云量、平均气温、最高气温等6项气象因子作为输入量,经过两个月的预测实验,结果表明,实测值与预测值的平均相对误差为21.49%,相关系数为0.837.表明人工神经网络对O3的浓度预测是一种有效的工具.     

流动海水环境中人工破损有机涂层的劣化过程研究

目的研究流动海水环境中人工破损有机涂层的劣化过程。方法使用电化学阻抗谱(EIS)技术对比研究流动海水与静止海水环境中破损涂层的劣化行为,跟踪观察涂层宏观形貌演变。结果根据EIS响应特征,发现流动海水中的人工破损有机涂层劣化更快,且在浸泡后期流动海水中破损涂层没有形成扩散阻抗。根据涂层宏观形貌发展,发现静止海水中涂层仅围绕破损处出现了面积较小的锈点和鼓泡,而流动海水中涂层因劣化而产生的锈点和鼓泡面积更大且大量分布在整个涂层表面。结论当人工破损有机涂层在流动海水和静止海水环境的浸泡过程中,涂层劣化首先从人工破损处开始。破损处成为局部腐蚀反应主要的阳极区,破损处周围的区域和涂层内在缺陷处成为扩展腐蚀反应的阴极区。流动海水中涂层的腐蚀产物累积与脱落更加频繁,导致涂层劣化速度加快和基体金属腐蚀加剧。     

杭州校园中不同植被对PM2.5的吸附能力

为合理安排绿地配置,极大发挥植物改善生态环境的功能,为城市系统绿化的功能化规范化经济化提供更加合理的理论支持,通过获取杭州电子科技大学校园内现有的4种植被的不同时间段和不同离地高度的ρ（PM_2.5）,用统计学的t检验方法研究了ρ（PM_2.5）的变化规律.以一天当中不同时间空地的ρ（PM_2.5）作为参照,分别对相同时间、不同植被区域、不同高度和不同时间、相同植被区域、相同高度的ρ（PM_2.5）作对比.结果表明:①早晨水杉林、松树林、混合林的PM_2.5吸附能力相似,与空地的平均差值分别为14.36、12.00和12.79 μg/m3;草地的PM_2.5吸附能力较差,与空地的平均差值仅为4.75 μg/m3.中午时,水杉林的PM_2.5吸附能力最强,与空地ρ（PM_2.5）平均差值为10.87 μg/m3,其次为混合林（8.18 μg/m3）,草地ρ（PM_2.5）反而比空地高14.90 μg/m3.下午水杉林与混合林的PM_2.5吸附能力与中午相比略微减弱.晚上,除混合林外,其他3种绿地均与空地无显著差异.②对比距地面0.1与1.5 m高的空气中ρ（PM_2.5）的差异发现,一般情况下树林中0.1 m处ρ（PM_2.5）大于1.5 m处,空地0.1 m处ρ（PM_2.5）小于1.5 m处.研究显示,大部分植被在早晨吸附能力最强、晚上最弱,不同植被对于PM_2.5的吸附能力也有所不同.由此,在所统计的植被中,水杉林对空气中PM_2.5的吸附能力最强,在以后的绿地规划中,可考虑多增加水杉林的种植面积;但在增加城市林地面积减少空气中PM_2.5的同时,还应考虑到植物自身生理能否带来一些城市负面影响,从面得出最优种植方案.      

豫西地区植被覆盖的空间变化研究

应用遥感技术,利用长时间序列的SPOT VEGETATION NDVI数据集,结合改进的像元二分模型,对豫西山区1998年、2003年和2008年的植被覆盖度进行计算。结果表明,豫西山区植被覆盖总体上略有上升,局部地区植被覆盖度有所下降。高海拔区域植被覆盖相对稳定,退化概率较低;低海拔区域植被退化和恢复的概率都相对较高;坡度小的区域植被退化和修复的概率都较高;坡度较大的区域植被轻微退化概率增大,坡度越大,植被覆盖修复的概率越低;南坡和北坡植被覆盖度相对较高,东坡和西坡植被覆盖度较低;西南坡向的植被退化相对严重,东南坡向植被退化概率相对较低。     

Reassessment of the Use of Fire as a Management Tool in Deciduous Forests of Eastern North America

Prescribed burning is increasingly being used in the deciduous forests of eastern North America. Recent work suggests that historical fire frequency has been overestimated east of the prairie–woodland transition zone, and its introduction could potentially reduce forest herb and shrub diversity. Fire‐history recreations derived from sedimentary charcoal, tree fire scars, and estimates of Native American burning suggest point‐return times ranging from 5–10 years to centuries and millennia. Actual return times were probably longer because such records suffer from selective sampling, small sample sizes, and a probable publication bias toward frequent fire. Archeological evidence shows the environmental effect of fire could be severe in the immediate neighborhood of a Native American village. Population density appears to have been low through most of the Holocene, however, and villages were strongly clustered at a regional scale. Thus, it appears that the majority of forests of the eastern United States were little affected by burning before European settlement. Use of prescribed burning assumes that most forest species are tolerant of fire and that burning will have only a minimal effect on diversity. However, common adaptations such as serotiny, epicormic sprouting, resprouting from rhizomes, and smoke‐cued germination are unknown across most of the deciduous region. Experimental studies of burning show vegetation responses similar to other forms of disturbance that remove stems and litter and do not necessarily imply adaptation to fire. The general lack of adaptation could potentially cause a reduction in diversity if burning were introduced. These observations suggest a need for a fine‐grained examination of fire history with systematic sampling in which all subregions, landscape positions, and community types are represented. Responses to burning need to be examined in noncommercial and nonwoody species in rigorous manipulative experiments. Until such information is available, it seems prudent to limit the use of prescribed burning east of the prairie–woodland transition zone. Reevaluación del Uso de Fuego como Herramienta de Manejo en Bosques Deciduos de América del Norte     

Model Evaluation of Dry Deposition to Vegetation for Volatile and Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds in a Multimedia Environment

Gas-phase atmospheric deposition wasevaluated in a screening level model of themultimedia environmental distribution of toxics(MEND-TOX). Algorithmic additions to MEND-TOXfor the estimation of gas-phase depositionvelocity over vegetated surfaces were analyzedusing recently published dry deposition fluxmeasurements for nitric acid. Model outputs arecompared to similar estimates from the NOAAmultilayer dry deposition model. Results of theevaluation indicate that MEND-TOX performs wellas a screening level model for the estimation ofgas-phase dry deposition velocity of nitric acidover soybeans. The present study expandsprevious laboratory results for organic speciesto include an inorganic species and open fieldand dry leaf, conditions.(On assignment to the National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency); (author for correspondence, e-mail