Competition of Hydrogen and Manganese Ions for Adsorption Sites in Sitka Spruce Litter

The competition of hydrogen and manganese ions for adsorption sites in Sitka spruce litter was investigated in a factorial design, simulated acid rain experiment, which involved leaching of litter with simulated throughfall solutions at three pH levels (5.3, 4.3 and 3.3) and three manganese concentrations (0 to 0.2 mg1^-1). the throughfall solution at the lowest pH was the most efficient in removing exchangeable manganese from litter. the manganese concentration in the leachates was approximately proportional to the hydrogen ion concentration in the simulated throughfall solution. Under field conditions, throughfall manganese concentration also naturally tends to increase as a consequence of enhanced foliar leaching of manganese in response to increasing precipitation acidity. the manganese concentration in the simulated throughfall also affected manganese concentration in the leachates, however, and contributed to a buildup of exchangeable manganese in litter, thus counteracting to some extent possible adverse effects of excess leaching due to increased throughfall acidity.     

LONGITUDINAL AND SEASONAL WATER CHEMISTRY VARIATIONS IN A NORTHERN APPALACHIAN STREAM1

ABSTRACT: Quaker Run, a fourth order stream located in southwestern New York State, exhibits a highly unusual chemical gradient along its upper reaches. Weekly water samples showed an increase in the mean annual pH from 5.07 to 7.01 along a stretch of only 2.2 km. Mean alkalinity, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, nitrate-nitrite-nitrogen, silica, and conductivity also increased appreciably over this distance. The study area receives some of the most highly acidic atmospheric deposition in the United States. Minimal buffering of these acidic inputs in the extreme upper watershed, and an abrupt downstream increase in buffering associated with changes in soil type, apparently produce the observed streamwater chemistry gradient. In contrast, a comparison between 11 midstream, downstream, and tributary sites showed relatively little variation in streamwater chemistry. In addition to the pronounced longitudinal chemistry changes along the upper portion of the stream, pronounced temporal chemistry variations were also observed at all sampling sites. High flow during snowmelt and heavy rains produced more dilute, acidic conditions, while streamwater pH and dissolved base cations were generally highest during low flow. Much of this temporal variation in streamwater chemistry is attributed to seasonal variation in residence times of soil water.     

被动扩散管监测空气中二氧化氮分析方法的改进

利用被动扩散法测定空气中的二氧化氮是最近几年许多发达国家所采用的方法。在二氧化氮（以后以NO2记）被动监测分析方法及Saltzman法的基础上，对所选用的化学试剂及试剂的用量、操作方法等方面进行了改进与研究,实验结果表明用对氨基苯磺酸取代对氨基苯磺酰胺,更具有可操作性、经济性和适用性。     

华南地区春季酸沉降区域源解析

应用IDNN区域源解析模式,处理了1986年2—8月间华南地区观测的酸雨样品,识别了春季广东、广西地区酸雨区域漂,结果得到,80％以上H⁺、50％SO₄^2-和60％NO₃^-来源于南岭以北地区。     

砂岩储层中有机酸对主要矿物的溶蚀作用及机理研究综述

砂岩储层中有机酸对矿物的溶解和沉淀在很大程度上影响着次生孔隙的发育。研究发现,有机酸之所以能提高石英的溶蚀速率和长石的溶解度,主要是由于在矿物的表面及溶液中形成络合物,有效地降低了矿物表面反应的活化能及溶液中硅、铝离子浓度的结果。有机酸与粘土矿物的吸附或催化反应可抑制长石等其他矿物的溶解。有机酸与CO2一起共同控制着体系中碳酸盐的溶解或沉淀。     

酞酸酯类有机毒物在土壤中降解规律的研究

研究了酞酸酯ＤＥＨＰ和ＤＢＦ二种增塑剂在土壤中降解规律，结果表明：土壤中ＤＥＨＰ和ＤＢＰ的降解速率可以用一级动力学方程描述，不同类型土壤对酞酸酯的降解能力是有所差别的，ＤＢＰ在土壤中比ＤＥＨＰ容易降解，土壤灭菌后，降解能力明显降低，按种接解微生物后，土壤中ＤＥＨＰ降解速率明显加快，土壤含水量和温度影响ＤＥＨＰ和ＤＢＰ的降解速率；本试验从土壤中分离出降解ＤＥＨＰ的细菌９株和真菌１１株。     

四种南京地产栽培野菜蛋白质营养价值的评价研究

4种传统野菜已在南京地区规模栽培利用。采用模糊识别法和氨基酸比值系数法,分别以鸡蛋蛋白质为标准蛋白 ,以WHO/FAO氨基酸参考模式为评价标准 ,对这4种野菜蛋白质营养价值进行了评价 ,并与6种常见蔬菜蛋白进行对照比较。结果表明 ,4种野菜蛋白质含量为2.3 %～5.0 % ,蛋白质中氨基酸种类齐全 ,其含量为77.73 %～89.36 % ,必需氨基酸占总氨基酸量的36.72 %～42.04 % ,第一限制性氨基酸为含硫氨基酸 (Met +Cys)。其蛋白质营养价值分别优于同科的一些常见蔬菜。     

新型腐植酸类净水剂的研制

优选粘结剂制备的新型风化煤粒状净水剂，对印染废水有良好的处理效果，废水处理略为活性炭处理量的70％，而活性炭的价格略为该净水剂的30倍，文中研究了该净水剂的制造工艺，并进一步探讨了吸附机理。     

近地面降雨过程研究——模拟和因素分析

用模型和模拟实验方法研究了近地面降雨过程中SO_2和颗粒物洗入对雨水pH值的影响。探讨了几个主要因素与雨水最终pH值的关系,并对我国六个城市大气颗粒物的缓冲性能进行了初步研究。