对生活垃圾焚烧产物中重金属的探讨

以成都某生活垃圾焚烧厂为例,通过实验分别研究了焚烧产物中各主要重金属的含量和浸出毒性,由此分析了生活垃圾焚烧产物中的重金属对城市环境的危害。结果表明,该生活垃圾焚烧厂排放的飞灰和炉渣样品中,镉,铜,铅,锌的含量接近或超过国家土壤环境质量标准三级标准,其浸出液pH呈强碱性,镉和飞灰中铅量超过国家浸出液中危害成分浓度限值标准,在环境中存在潜在危害性。在此基础上探讨了生活垃圾中重金属的来源,提出了可行性建议。     

Impact of Fly Ash from Coal-Fired Power Stations in Delhi, with Particular Reference to Metal Contamination

Indraprastha Power Station (IPP Stn) and Rajghat Power House (RPH), owned by Delhi Electric Supply Undertaking, are both coal-fired power stations located on Ring Road in New Delhi. Ash content of the coal used ranges between 38–47%. The ash is collected in electrostatic precipitators which have an efficiency of 99.3% (IPP station), and 99.7% (RPH). There are instances of major dust pollution around the power stations from fly ash dispersal. The main method of disposal of fly ash from the power stations is by mixing with water, the resultant slurry is pumped through pipes to ash disposal ponds. The supernatant from these ponds is discharged into River Yamuna. Field studies have revealed large quantities of fly ash being deposited into the river. Local populations of Eichhornia crassipes have reduced dramatically between 1987–1995, with a marked reduction in the year 1994–1995. Field studies, conducted in January, 1995 have investigated the impact of fly ash dispersal in the Delhi region with particular reference to metal contamination. Elemental concentrations for a range of elements are determined by ICP-AES in fly ash and top soils along four transects from the power stations up to a distance of 8 km. The effects of fly ash leachates from the ash settling ponds on the river are determined by analyzing river overbank soils and vegetation for their elemental contents. It is concluded that fly ash dispersal from the stacks are a source of alkali, alkaline-earth and to some extent heavy metals in soils in the vicinity of the power stations, and enrichment of elements in river overbank soils are a result of discharge of fly ash leachates from ash disposal ponds. However, the impact from both these sources of metal contamination is not large enough to give cause for concern. Marked reduction in populations of Eichhornia crassipes downstream of the river where it receives leachates from the ash disposal ponds are attributed to turbidity of the ash pond leachates and metal toxicity. Elemental enrichment in the floodplain soils, as a result of fly ash particle deposition during monsoons, may enhance the horticultural value of these soils as is shown by a healthy cultivated crop of Brassica juncea.     

Leaching of arsenic from coal fly ashes 2. Arsenic pre‐leaching with sodium gluconate solution

The present study deals with the development of an efficient and reliable process for safe disposal of coal fly ash to remove arsenic that has been found to be the most easily leachable and hazardous heavy metal in coal fly ash. Pre‐leaching of fly ash prior to disposal by a natural chelating agent, sodium gluconate (SG), was proposed and studied. Several operational factors influencing arsenic leachability, such as concentration of SG solution, liquid to solid ratio, pH, length of leaching time and leaching temperature were examined. Arsenic was found to leach out substantially with SG, but almost no further release was observed from the ash pre‐leached by SG. After the pre‐leaching treatment, the desirable high buffering capacity of the ash was well sustained. SG solution was effectively regenerated by activated alumina adsorption so that it could be successfully reused for multiple leaching/adsorption cycles.     

用聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料废弃物调制油性腻子

以工业废弃物聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料及电厂粉煤灰为主要原料,用适量轻溶剂油调制成油性腻子,搅拌均匀经三辊机或轮碾机研磨至完全均匀细腻,包装即得产品。该产品的性能与同类油性腻子相似,而制造成本显著降低,适用于填平金属、木质、混凝土物体表面的凹坑、针孔和缝隙,同时减少了白色污染物聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料废弃物对环境的污染。     

飞灰颗粒物介导活性氧氧化损伤与金属离子浸取浓度的关系研究

本文利用脱氧核糖氧化法考察了飞灰颗粒物氧化能力与络合剂及盐酸浸取颗粒物上金属浓度的关系。结果表明,代表氧化损伤程度指标的脱氧核糖氧化物,通过硫代巴比妥酸似丙二醛加合物显色反应,其吸光度值与飞灰颗粒物被浸取剂盐酸及氨三乙酸作用后的金属离子铁、锌、镉、铅和锰的浓度显著相关。基于铁在自然环境中的高含量及在活性氧催化反应中的特殊性,本文认为二乙三氨五乙酸、乙二胺四乙酸及柠檬酸浸取液中的金属浓度不能很好地表     

回收粉煤灰磁珠在污水处理中的应用

从粉煤灰综合利用角度,探时利用回收粉煤灰中磁珠作磁种,用高梯度磁分离技术进行污水处理的可行性,进一步研究了粉煤灰磁珠粒度组成对污水处理效果的影响。     

粉煤灰--Fenton法处理酸性红印染废水

以美尔雅酸性红废水为研究对象 ,采用粉煤灰—Fenton法进行处理研究。确定了絮凝剂及其最佳浓度、粉煤灰和Fenton试剂处理的最佳条件。经处理后废水COD的去除率达 97%以上 ,色度去除率达 99%以上。     

利用粉煤灰处理生活污水的试验研究

以火电厂贮灰场粉煤灰为吸附剂,以生、活污水为吸附对象,通过间歇吸附试验,分析了各因素对粉煤灰吸附性能的影响,并找出了粉煤灰对生活污水中化学耗氧物质(COD)的吸附规律。     

Emission control for precursors causing acid rain (V): Improvement of acid soil with the bio-briquette combustion ash

The bio-briquette technique which mixes coal, biomass and sulfur fixation agent and bio-briquettes under 3-5 t/cm^2 line pressure has aroused people‘s attention in view of controlling the air pollution and the acid rain. In this paper, the physicochemical properties of bio-briquette and its ash were investigated. And the acid soil was improved by the bio-briquette combustion ash, which contained nutritive substances such as P, N, K and had the acid-neutralizing capacity(ANC). The pH, EC, effective nutrient elements(Ca, Mg, K, P and N), heavy metal elements(AI, Cu, Cd, Cr, Zn and Mn) and acid-neutralizing capacity change of ash-added soils within the range of 0-10%, were also studied. Specially, when 5% bio-briquette combustion ash was added to the tested soil, the content of the effective elements such as Ca, Mg and K rose by 100 times, ? times and twice, respectively. The total nitrogen also increased by about twice. The results showed the oxyanions such as that of AI, Cu, Cd, Cr, Zn and Mn were not potentially dangerous, because they were about the same as the averages of them in Chinese soil. It is shown that the ANC became stronger, though the ANC hardly increases in the ash-added soil. On the basis of the evaluation indices, it is concluded that the best mixture ratio is to add 2.5%--8% of the bio-briquette combustion ash to the tested soil.     

粉煤灰添加对城市多源有机废弃物联合堆肥效能及堆体细菌群落的影响

为实现粉煤灰和多源有机废弃物的高效资源化利用,采用好氧堆肥的方法,以厨余垃圾、鸡粪和锯末（15:5:2）混合原料为底物,添加底物总湿重的5 %和10 %的粉煤灰作为处理组（5 % FA和10 % FA）,并以不添加粉煤灰作为对照处理（CK）,通过测定联合堆肥过程中理化性质、养分元素和细菌群落结构的变化,探究不同粉煤灰添加量对联合堆肥的促进效果.结果表明,添加5 %和10 %粉煤灰可以显著提高联合堆肥的最高温度（56.6 ℃和56.9 ℃）并延长高温期持续时间（9 d）,相较于对照处理,堆体总养分含量分别提高了4.09 %和13.55 %.在整个堆肥过程中,细菌群落结构发生了较大变化,各处理的细菌多样性均出现了明显的提高.在堆肥前期,变形菌门（Proteobacteria）是主要的优势门类,相对丰度在35.26 %~39.40 %之间.进入堆肥高温期,添加5 %和10 %粉煤灰处理中厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）相对丰度达到最高值,分别为52.46 %和67.72 %.芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）和放线菌属（Thermobifida）是5 %和10 %粉煤灰添加量处理高温期的优势菌属,相对丰度分别为33.41 %和62.89 %（芽孢杆菌属）、33.06 %和12.23 %（放线菌属）.冗余分析（RDA）结果表明不同理化指标对细菌群落均有不同程度影响,其中有效磷、速效钾、有机质以及pH是影响细菌群落结构的主要环境因子.综上,添加粉煤灰促进了城市多源有机废弃物联合好氧堆肥的无害化和腐熟化,优化了微生物群落结构,提高堆肥产品的质量和效率.