粉煤灰-煤矸石基胶结充填材料制备与性能研究

为了解决我国煤矿采空区地表沉陷以及"三下"压煤资源浪费的问题,提出以粉煤灰-水泥熟料-脱硫石膏复合胶凝材料为胶结材,原状粉煤灰为细骨料,破碎后的煤矸石为粗骨料制备新型煤矿开采胶结充填材料。依据正交试验结果和各因素影响规律趋势图,确定充填材料的优化配合比。研究结果表明,适当增大水泥熟料掺量可缩短材料初凝时间,减小水胶比能使材料强度显著提高,而材料坍落度可通过选取适宜的浆体中的固体质量分数和灰矸比来有效调节,当胶凝材料中水泥含量为15%,脱硫石膏含量为8%,水胶比为2,灰矸比为2∶3,浆体中的固体质量分数为70%时,充填材料性能可达到最佳。通过试验优选材料各项参数,工业废弃物可以用来制备高质量的胶结充填材料。     

燃煤锅炉房灰水系统阻垢对策探讨

对锅炉房灰水系统结垢问题进行分析,找出结垢的原因,采用以新型高效阻垢剂为主的综合方法进行防垢试验取得成功,并获得较好的经济效益。     

添加剂对垃圾焚烧飞灰熔融过程二噁分解的影响

为了研究添加剂对垃圾飞灰熔融处理过程中二噁(口英)分解特性的影响,选择碱性氧化物CaO和液体陶瓷(LC)2种添加剂,改变温度、气氛和熔融时间研究2种添加剂对二噁(口英)分解率的影响.研究表明CaO对二噁(口英)分解影响随气氛不同而改变,氧化气氛下,加入CaO使二噁(口英)的分解率略微降低,而在还原气氛下则会使二噁(口英)分解率升高.液体陶瓷添加剂对熔融过程二噁(口英)分解有显著影响.1400℃时,随着LC添加比例由0增加到10%,二噁(口英)分解率则从99.997%升高到100%.同时加入10%的LC可以使二噁(口英)的完全分解温度由无添加剂时的1460℃降低至1100℃.     

环保型原油族组分-溶剂分离器的研制

研制的环保型原油族组分-溶剂分离器是一种非常规玻璃蒸馏装置,在玻璃器皿内部加热多个原油族组分的有机溶液,在分离原油族组分和有毒溶剂的同时回收了溶剂,使室内空气质量达到国家标准,减少了空气污染.     

统计学在垃圾焚烧飞灰浸提液重金属检测准确性研究中的应用

为提高复杂基体重金属检测准确性,在使用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法检测生活垃圾焚烧飞灰浸提液时,进行标准曲线法、标准加入法和内标法3种定量校准方法比对。3种方法报出结果经过加标回收率换算后的样品原值具有明显一致性,使用统计学方差齐性和单因素方差分析验证了该一致性成立,表明内标法的精密度和准确度与标准曲线法、标准加入法无显著性差别。以3种方法样品原值的算数平均值作为样品最佳估计值评价各方法实际报出结果准确性,标准加入法准确性最好;稀释后的样品内标法加标回收率明显优于标准规定,受稀释倍数影响不大,工作效率高,满足HJ 781—2016质控要求,建议可作为该标准的补充;建议批量样品检测时优先采用内标法。3种方法样品原值一致性的验证,有助于执法、科研中对于复杂基体重金属物质含量的准确判断。     

红枫湖水源地附近粉煤灰堆积场重金属存在形态及静态淋溶规律

酸雨对露天粉煤灰堆积场的淋滤作用导致周围环境产生重金属污染是一种广泛现象.为研究酸雨对贵阳市水源地红枫湖周边一大型粉煤灰堆积场的重金属迁移影响,本文以这一粉煤灰堆积场为研究对象,通过静态淋溶实验探讨了粉煤灰中Cr、Ni、CU、Zn、AS、Cd、Pb等7种重金属元素的含量、存在形态、淋溶时间、堆积时间、粒度对重金属溶出规律的影响.结果表明,粉煤灰中Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、As和Cd等6种重金属的含量随堆积时间增加而增大,Cr含量变化与上述反之;在淋溶实验中,堆积时间的增加使Cr、Ni、Cu和Zn重金属元素的可溶态减小;在淋溶第28—48天期间,Cr、Ni和Cu元素溶出浓度降低的粒度顺序为细粒度>中粒度和粗粒度、Cd元素溶出浓度降低的粒度顺序为中粒度>粗粒度>细粒度.本研究对红枫湖水源地和周边地下水的重金属防控提供一定的参考依据.     

镧改性粉煤灰合成沸石的同步脱氨除磷研究

以火电厂固废粉煤灰为主要原料,采用改良水热法研制合成了低成本的P型沸石,对其进行了稀土镧改性处理,以强化其脱氮除磷能力.实验研究了改性镧离子浓度、投加量、pH值对同步去除氨氮和磷的影响;运用XRD和SEM分析技术对合成沸石进行了表征.结果表明,在改性镧离子浓度0.5%、pH值为4~8、投加量为10g/L时,改性后的合成沸石对氨氮和磷的去除率分别达到90%,95%以上.改性后的合成沸石对氨氮及磷的吸附动力学数据符合伪二级方程.Langmuir方程能更好地描述氨氮及磷在改性合成沸石上的等温吸附行为,氨氮和磷的Langmuir最大吸附量分别为3.94,1.65mg/g.     

矿物演化行为对垃圾焚烧飞灰熔融特性的影响

以焚烧飞灰为主要原料,采用灰熔点测试、差示扫描量热法、X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜等方法,研究了掺加SiO₂(以w计)对焚烧飞灰熔融特性的影响,并利用CASTEP模块模拟计算生成矿物的反应活性. 结果表明,当w(SiO₂)为29.14%时,焚烧飞灰流动温度为1 355 ℃,比原灰降低了近200 ℃,熔融特征温度随w(SiO₂)增加而上升. 将焚烧飞灰熔融并热处理后得到微晶玻璃,其矿物质组成为硅灰石、假硅灰石、钙铝黄长石、钙铁榴石、硬石膏和三型钾霞石等. 分子模拟计算结果表明,假硅灰石、钙铝黄长石和钙铁榴石形成能高,属耐熔矿物,而硅灰石、硬石膏和三型钾霞石等助熔矿物的低共熔会导致灰熔融温度降低. SiO₂/CaO(质量比,下同)<1时,过量的Ca2+易与活性氧发生集聚反应,形成热稳定性好的假硅灰石;SiO₂/CaO接近于1时,生成以硅灰石为主晶相的助熔矿物,硅灰石形成能为-41.67 eV,低于其他矿物,并且晶体氧原子中活性氧比例达到77.78%;当SiO₂/CaO>1时,大量无定形SiO₂及方石英(非活性氧)的存在致使灰熔融温度升高. 硅酸盐矿物熔体中非活性氧(Si—O—Si)和活性氧(Si—O,自由氧)占氧原子比例的变化是焚烧飞灰熔融特性改变的内因.      

Characterisation of major component leaching and buffering capacity of RDF incineration and gasification bottom ash in relation to reuse or disposal scenarios

Thermal treatment of refuse derived fuel (RDF) in waste-to-energy (WtE) plants is considered a promising solution to reduce waste volumes for disposal, while improving material and energy recovery from waste. Incineration is commonly applied for the energetic valorisation of RDF, although RDF gasification has also gained acceptance in recent years. In this study we focused on the environmental properties of bottom ash (BA) from an RDF incineration (RDF-I, operating temperature 850-1000 °C) and a RDF gasification plant (RDF-G, operating temperature 1200-1400 °C), by evaluating the total composition, mineralogy, buffering capacity, leaching behaviour (both at the material’s own pH and as a function of pH) of both types of slag. In addition, buffering capacity results and pH-dependence leaching concentrations of major components obtained for both types of BA were analysed by geochemical modelling. Experimental results showed that the total content of major components for the two types of BA was fairly similar and possibly related to the characteristics of the RDF feedstock. However, significant differences in the contents of trace metals and salts were observed for the two BA samples as a result of the different operating conditions (i.e. temperature) adopted by the two RDF thermal treatment plants. Mineralogy analysis showed in fact that the RDF-I slag consisted of an assemblage of several crystalline phases while the RDF-G slag was mainly made up by amorphous glassy phases. The leached concentrations of major components (e.g. Ca, Si) at the natural pH of each type of slag did not reflect their total contents as a result of the partial solubility of the minerals in which these components were chemically bound. In addition, comparison of total contents with leached concentrations of minor elements (e.g. Pb, Cu) showed no obvious relationship for the two types of BA. According to the compliance leaching test results, the RDF-G BA would meet the limits of the Italian legislation for reuse and the European acceptance criteria for inert waste landfilling. RDF-I BA instead would meet the European acceptance criteria for non hazardous waste landfilling. A new geochemical modelling approach was followed in order to predict the leaching behaviour of major components and the pH buffering capacity of the two types of slags on the basis of independent mineralogical information obtained by XRD analysis and the bulk composition of the slag. It was found that the combined use of data regarding the mineralogical characterization and the buffering capacity of the slag material can provide an independent estimate of both the identity and the amount of minerals that contribute to the leaching process. This new modelling approach suggests that only a limited amount of the mineral phases that control the pH, buffering capacity and major component leaching from the solid samples is available for leaching, at least on the time scale of the applied standard leaching tests. As such, the presented approach can contribute to gain insights for the identification of the types and amounts of minerals that control the leaching properties and pH buffering capacity of solid residues such as RDF incineration and gasification bottom ash.     

加压酸浸法提取粉煤灰中的Al2O3和Fe2O3

采用加压酸浸法提取粉煤灰中的A12O3和Fe2O3.实验研究了粉煤灰粒径、硫酸质量分数、反应时间、反应温度对粉煤灰中Al2O3和Fe2O3浸取率的影响,并通过SEM对粉煤灰酸浸前后的形貌进行了分析.实验结果表明,当粉煤灰粒径为75μm、硫酸质量分数为50％、反应温度为180℃、反应时间为4h时,粉煤灰中的Al2O3浸取率可达82.4％,Fe2O3浸取率为76.1％,经酸浸后粉煤灰的剩余率为72.4％.