微波消解法测定铅锌冶炼厂废旧除尘布袋及其飞灰中重金属的应用研究

以广东某铅锌冶炼厂的废旧除尘布袋及其布袋上的飞灰为实验材料,以HNO3-H2O2-HF对布袋及飞灰进行微波全量消解,采用BCR三步浸提法提取飞灰中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni、Cd 6种重金属,并利用火焰原子吸收仪器检测布袋及飞灰中6种重金属的含量及飞灰中各形态含量。结果表明,铅锌冶炼厂废旧布袋和飞灰中重金属含量较高,远大于《国家土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15168—1995)三级标准值。不同重金属在飞灰中的形态分布差异较大,Ni主要以残渣态和酸可交换态为主,Cu和Pb以残渣态为主,Zn的4种形态分布都较均匀,Cd、Zn潜在的迁移性最强。     

我国垃圾焚烧飞灰性质及其重金属浸出特性分析

调查分析了我国12个垃圾焚烧飞灰样品的性质和重金属浸出规律.结果表明,飞灰的主要组成元素有Si、Ca、Al、Fe、K、Na、Cl 等,除1个样品外,飞灰样品中的重金属元素含量均在0 .5%～3 .0%范围内.由此可见焚烧飞灰具有较大的环境风险,必须按危险废物进行安全管理.应用单批次浸出程序检测结果表明,美国EPA的毒性浸出程序（TCLP）和我国固体废物浸出毒性鉴别程序（GB 5086 .1-1997）对焚烧飞灰中的重金属浸出率偏低,且二者对飞灰危险性评估的差异较大,这主要是受二者不同的浸出液最终的pH值所影响.常规酸中和容量（GANC）浸出试验结果表明,飞灰中重金属的浸出主要受浸出液的最终pH值影响,而该pH值取决于飞灰中碱性物质与浸取剂酸度二者间的相互作用.通过对不同类别程序的浸出过程分析发现,在相同浸取液作用下,单批次式浸出程序的静态平衡终点与连续过流式浸出程序的平衡终点存在较大差异,有必要结合我国飞灰特点和实际处置场景,建立适用于焚烧飞灰的单批次式毒性浸出试验程序,避免对飞灰危险性识别的不足和管理的失控.     

流化床锅炉飞灰活性激发与建材利用的试验研究

流化床锅炉飞灰活性较差,常规的粉煤灰活性激发方法对该飞灰效果不佳.本研究采用了加入适当激发剂的方法激发其活性,结果表明,加入激发剂后水泥胶砂的早期抗折、抗压强度均有100%的增长,后期抗折强度提高约100%、抗压强度提高60%以上,凝结时间和安定性均符合要求.水泥中飞灰掺量达40%时,其胶砂各龄期强度均达到甚至超过了42.5R水泥的强度;飞灰掺量65%～75%时,胶砂强度显示仍可生产一些低强度要求的建材产品,如砌筑水泥、建筑砂浆等.采用XRD、SEM等微观测试手段对飞灰活性激发机理进行了探讨.     

旋风除尘器环形空间气流运动的数值研究

运用计算流体力学软件FLUENT,对旋风除尘器内部流场进行了数值模拟,利用模拟结果对旋风除尘器入口不同位置气流在除尘器顶部的环形空间的轨迹进行了分析研究,探明了气流在环形空间的运动规律和基本特征,阐明了旋风除尘器顶部"尘环"形成的根本原因,指出了粉尘发生短路的原因和多发区域并在此基础上就除尘器的增效问题给出了改进方案.     

基于EDX的飞灰元素组成及重金属分布研究

介绍了用于X射线能谱分析(EDX)的飞灰颗粒表面和断面样品的制作方法.对用EDX分析飞灰组成元素及重金属分布的实验方法(包括点(或面)分析、线扫描以及元素能谱图)和信息分析方法进行了探讨.168组的飞灰EDX分析结果表明:飞灰成分非常复杂,其中Si,Ca和Al是基本组成元素,Cl和S出现频率处于第2位,而作为盐基的Na,K和Mg出现频率处于第3位;在以Si,Ca和Al为主体的飞灰颗粒表面和断面重金属富集少,呈随机分布.推测重金属在飞灰上的吸附作用机理包括了物理吸附过程和自飞灰颗粒表面向内部的化学扩散过程.      

垃圾焚烧飞灰浸出特性

利用柱试验研究了我国垃圾焚烧飞灰在过流系统中的浸出特性. 结果表明:在过流系统中,浸出液的pH呈先升后降的趋势,并且在试验后期保持在碱性条件(pH在9.66左右);飞灰中阳离子(Na+,K+,Ca2+)和阴离子(Cl－,SO₄2－)的浸出主要集中在试验初期(第96 天),使初期浸出液含盐量很高;柱试验中4种重金属的浸出质量浓度〔ρ(Cd),ρ(Pb),ρ(Cu)和ρ(Cr)〕远低于批试验,但试验前期浸出液中的重金属浸出质量浓度相对较高;当浸取时间超过120 d时,虽然浸出液中重金属浸出质量浓度明显降低,但仍有一定量的重金属不断浸出.      

Decontamination of Fly Ash and Used Lime from Municipal Waste Incinerator Using Thiobacillus ferrooxidans

Thiobacillus ferrooxidans to leach metals from APCR to render them nonhazardous. The multistage solubilization process involves an alkaline aqueous phase that removes some Pb. In the second phase, the APCR are acidified to pH 4 with H₂SO₄, then inoculated with a bacterial culture that has been acclimated in the presence of 2% Fe (FeCl₃). Several rinses and decantings achieve removal of the leachable metals. The final step involves the addition of Ca(H₂PO₄)₂ and an increase in the treatment pH prior to the final filtration. Viability of thiobacilli in APCR was poor. Despite this problem, the removal of Pb was 35.9%, 46.0%, and 68.7% (for APCR containing 1594, 3026, and 5038 mg Pb/kg, respectively), which demonstrates greater metal removal with increased APCR contamination. Zn removal varied from 68.2% (8273 mg Zn/kg APCR) to 79.5% (16,873 mg Zn/kg APCR), which was positively correlated to the level of residue contamination, whereas Cu was removed in the proportions of 26.9% (495 mg Cu/kg APCR) to 68.2% (465 mg Cu/kg APCR). Cadmium removal appeared to be independent of the level of Cd in the APCR; Cd was removed to the greatest degree, with a variation of 92.0% (129 mg Cd/kg APCR) to 94.7% (267 mg Cd/kg APCR). The treated APCR were tested using four different leachate tests. The APCR released 43 mg Pb/liter during contact with water, and 7.40 mg Cd/liter during TCLP [the toxicity characterization leaching procedure of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA)]. After biological treatment, the leachate from TCLP was within the acceptance criteria of the US EPA, if the pH of the APCR was increased to pH 5 after the biological treatment. In the case of the Transport Canada leaching test, a betterment of the process is required in order to satisfy the stringent regulatory level of 0.5 mg Cd/liter (0.68 and 0.57 mg/liter).     

Application of coal ash to environmental improvement: Transformation into zeolite, potassium fertilizer, and FGD absorbent

The rapid increase in population and economic growth have led to an increase in energy demand. Coal reserves are distributed worldwide, and coal is now known to be the most stable and available energy source. However, utilization of coal as an energy source involves the generation of a great amount of coal ash, and the recycling rate of the ash is rather low. Coal ash is mainly used in civil construction materials, and there is a limit to the demand for coal ash by construction industries: therefore, the increasing amount of coal ash will be a serious problem in the near future. Different applications should be considered. In this paper, three environmentally-friendly methods for coal ash recycling are described. Firstly, alkali treatment can transform coal ash to zeolite, which is used in deodorant and for wastewater treatment and soil improvement. Secondly, potassium silicate fertilizer is produced from coal ash and has a higher retentivity in the soil than that of conventional fertilizers. Thirdly, emission of sulfur dioxide is controlled by flue gas desulfurization using coal ash. It is considered that environmentally-friendly use of coal ash is important from the viewpoints of energy, economy, and environmental strategy in order to realize the concept of sustainable development.     

PCBs contributions to the total TEQ released from Korean municipal and industrial waste incinerators

Non-ortho and mono-ortho polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in the stack gases and the fly-ash from nine Korean municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs). Soil samples collected near MSWI and industrial waste incinerator (IWI) sites were also examined for PCBs. The PCBs levels in the stack gas samples ranged between 0.0046 and 12.0 TEQ-ng/Nm³. The PCB homologue profiles were distinct for the stack gas samples and different from the fly-ash. PCBs levels in soil samples collected near MSWIs and IWI ranged between 0.86 and 19.73 TEQ-ng/g with background levels of 0.17 TEQ-ng/g. The lower chlorination PCBs were dominant in the soil samples. The stack emission PCBs homologue patterns were compared to those detected in the soil samples. The findings suggest that localized point sources as well air mass movement contribute to the deposition of PCBs onto soil.     

粉煤灰结合施肥对土壤微生物和酶活性的效应

在以前对粉煤灰改良石灰性土壤对其理化性质和养分效应研究的基础上,分析了小麦不同生育期土壤中微生物数量和几种重要的土壤酶的活性,旨在探讨石灰性褐土施用粉煤灰配合有机肥对土壤环境生物质量的效应。结果表明,每公顷施用粉煤灰150t以上显著提高了土壤中各种微生物的数量,对土壤酶活性也有显著的作用,尤其是对小麦灌浆期脲酶的活性有显著的促进作用。因此,施用粉煤灰可以改善土壤的生物活性,从而达到保护和治理土壤环境的效果。