粉煤灰的改性及其对高盐苯胺废水的处理

以盐酸和硫酸作为改性剂,对粉煤灰进行改性。通过正交实验得到最佳改性粉煤灰制备条件为：V（盐酸）∶V（硫酸）=1∶5,浸泡时间6h,活化时间6h,活化温度250℃。在初始苯胺质量浓度为200mg/L、氯化钠质量分数为15%、吸附时间为60min的条件下,采用在最佳条件下制备得到的改性粉煤灰对苯胺进行吸附,吸附量可达4.16mg/g。采用Freundlich方程可更好地对改性粉煤灰吸附苯胺的过程进行拟合。     

火力发电厂飞灰对抗生素磺胺的吸附性能

研究了吸附时间、飞灰用量、初始溶液pH和振荡频率等因素对飞灰吸附去除水溶液中磺胺的影响,并对其吸附机理进行了初步探讨。研究结果表明,飞灰用量增大有利于提高其对磺胺的吸附去除率。在25℃、振荡频率150 r/min、飞灰用量50 g/L、磺胺浓度4 mg/L条件下吸附10 min,磺胺的吸附去除率可达到92.8%。电厂飞灰对磺胺的吸附符合二级动力学模型,属于单分子层吸附。     

Mathematical Modeling of Leachates from Ash Ponds of Thermal Power Plants

The present study describes the development of empirical models for the prediction of various trace metals i.e., Mn, Cu, Fe, Zn and Pb found in the leachates generated from the ash ponds of various thermal power plants. The dispersion phenomenon of these trace metals followed first order reaction rate kinetics. The empirical models for individual trace metals derived from the lab scale models data correlate well with the real field data with regression coefficients varying from 0.93 to 0.98. The predicted concentrations of the trace metals varied within ±3% of the observed values in the leachates generated from the ash ponds of four thermal power plants with standard deviation varying from 0.001 to 0.032. The empirical models derived from the study can be applied for prediction of trace metals in leachates generated from similar thermal power plants.     

粉煤灰吸附除磷的改性研究

研究了粉煤灰的最佳改性条件及其吸附理论模型.获得了粉煤灰用于吸附含磷量为5 mg P/L的模拟二级出水的3种改性的最佳条件(21℃):(1)0.25 mol/L盐酸改性的粉煤灰对磷的去除率为76.0%,出水含1.20 mg P/L;(2)300℃下煅烧的粉煤灰对磷的去除率为93.8%,出水中磷含量达到了0.31 mg P/L;(3)低火(119 W)改性的粉煤灰的磷去除率达95.4%,出水含0.23 mg P/L.试验结果表明:Langmuir方程能很好地解释两种改性粉煤灰的吸附动力学(R2=0.9188,S.E=0.0032),而Simple Elovieh方程在描述两者的吸附动力学试验数据上显示出优越性(R2=0.9427,S.E=0.029).     

解磷微生物对煤系废弃物粉煤灰的改良效应

燃煤产生大量的粉煤灰虽会严重污染环境,但却含有植物生长必需的营养元素,将其资源化生物利用是一条很好的途径.从粉煤灰和农田土壤中分离筛选出 2 株解磷细菌 CA 和 SL,以紫花苜蓿为供试植物,通过盆栽试验研究接种解磷细菌对粉煤灰基质的改良作用.研究表明,加入解磷细菌后,对粉煤灰基质有一定的改良作用,促进了植物生长,增加了对粉煤灰中难溶性磷的吸收利用,降低了粉煤灰 pH,增加了根际细菌和真菌的数量.从粉煤灰中筛选分离出的菌株 CA的改良作用更显著,苜蓿的地上干重比对照提高了45.1%.解磷微生物的应用对于实现废弃物粉煤灰场的生态恢复提供了新的技术与潜力.     

Effective rates of heavy metal release from alkaline wastes--quantified by column outflow experiments and inverse simulations

Column outflow experiments operated at steady state flow conditions do not allow the identification of rate limited release processes. This requires an alternative experimental methodology. In this study, the aim was to apply such a methodology in order to identify and quantify effective release rates of heavy metals from granular wastes. Column experiments were conducted with demolition waste and municipal waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash using different flow velocities and multiple flow interruptions. The effluent was analyzed for heavy metals, DOC, electrical conductivity and pH. The breakthrough-curves were inversely modeled with a numerical code based on the advection–dispersion equation with first order mass-transfer and nonlinear interaction terms. Chromium, Copper, Nickel and Arsenic are usually released under non-equilibrium conditions. DOC might play a role as carrier for those trace metals. By inverse simulations, generally good model fits are derived. Although some parameters are correlated and some model deficiencies can be revealed, we are able to deduce physically reasonable release-mass-transfer time scales. Applying forward simulations, the parameter space with equifinal parameter sets was delineated. The results demonstrate that the presented experimental design is capable of identifying and quantifying non-equilibrium conditions. They show also that the possibility of rate limited release must not be neglected in release and transport studies involving inorganic contaminants.     

Uptake of Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn by the Water Hyacinth, Eichhornia Crassipes (Mart.) Solms from Pulverised Fuel Ash (PFA) Leachates and Slurries

The main solid waste product from coal-fired power stations is pulverised fuel ash (PFA), which can be enriched in toxic elements. Disposal of PFA by dry (in landfills) or wet (by slurrying) disposal methods can release these elements into the environment. Thereafter, the contaminants can be taken up by biota such as Eichhornia crassipes, a common aquatic plant, which has the ability to accumulate elements from water. This study investigates the uptake of Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn by E. crassipes grown in leachates and slurries prepared from two different PFA samples. PFA samples were obtained from Indraprastha Power Station (IPP Stn.) in New Delhi, India and the Ratcliffe-on-Soar Power Station in the UK. E. crassipes grown in PFA leachates and slurries at 1:5 and 1:50 solid:liquid (PFA:deionised water) ratios show that the plant has a very high accumulation capacity for Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn from both leachates and slurries and the uptake of these metals is stronger in the roots than in the tops of the plant. Metal accumulation, as shown by the accumulation factor (AF) values, is higher from both leachates and slurries for plants grown in the 1:50 (PFA:DIW) ratios than in the 1:5 ratios, initial metal concentrations being higher in the 1:5 ratios than in the 1:50 ratios. Lower metal accumulation in the plants grown in slurries than in leachates is related to the high turbidity of growth medium in slurries resulting in ash particles adhering to the root surfaces thus reducing the surface area of metal absorption. Eichhornia plants are able to reduce the pH of all leachates, especially the highly alkaline Ratcliffe leachates to near neutral conditions. Accumulation of Cd and Zn by the plant is higher from the lower pH IPP leachates than the Ratcliffe leachates, indicating that these metals are more soluble and bioavailable in the acidic medium. However, accumulation of Cu and Ni is independent of the pH of the leachates, indicating that other factors, such as metal species, presence of complexing agents in the growth solutions, and effects of competing metal ions may be contributory factors towards the metal uptake and accumulation by the plant.     

阜阳电厂灰水氟化物浓度的确定及对地下饮用水源污染预测

目前在火电厂环境影响评价中,主要利用类比法和实验法确定灰水中氟化物的浓度。文章提出了一种新的方法－－计算法。该方法以氟的迁移转化规律为基础,以物料平衡原理为依据,充分考虑煤源、煤质、除尘方式、除灰方式、排灰方式及冲灰水水质等影响因素。与类比法和实验法相比,该法简便、可靠、实用、经济。鉴于阜场附近地区地下水饮用水源污染的可能性,影响程度及发生时间。     

我国南方某城市垃圾焚烧飞灰特性及固化/稳定化处置实验

我国南方某城市主要采用焚烧法处理生活垃圾,已建7个焚烧厂日产生飞灰量为101.62 t/d。文章分析了各个垃圾焚烧厂飞灰的化学组成和重金属浸出毒性,其主要成分为CaO、SiO2、MgO、Al2O3、Fe2O3、Na2O、SO3和Cl,所有焚烧飞灰都有至少一种重金属浸出浓度超标,属于危险废物。在飞灰处置出路亟待解决的背景下,实验探讨了飞灰稳定化工艺,结果表明10%的水泥添加量可以使飞灰中超标重金属(Cd、Pb和Zn)的浸出浓度满足危险废物鉴别浓度限值和安全填埋场入场浓度限值。同时,通过人体健康风险评价分析了飞灰豁免管理的可行性,并对近期和远期该城市焚烧厂飞灰的处理处置及管理提出建议。     

湿式除尘器的应用研究

新疆油田公司供热公司为提高除尘效率,减少SO_2排放量,将多管除尘器改造为湿式除尘器,介绍了湿式除尘器的结构和除尘原理。针对存在的问题,通过改进溢流箱结构解决了水位控制问题,烟气含尘量和SO_2排放量均达到GB 13271—2001《锅炉大气污染物排放标准》。介绍了利用纯碱、电石渣、锅炉的冲渣水与除尘器流出的冲灰水混合这三种烟气脱硫方法,其中,锅炉的冲渣水与除尘器流出的冲灰水混合的烟气脱硫方法综合效果最好。