麻疯树籽壳生物质炭的制备及其吸附水中PAHs性能研究

麻疯树籽壳经磷酸处理,在300~700℃下炭化处理50min,制备了麻疯树籽壳生物质炭.以萘、蒽、菲、芘4种多环芳烃(PAHs)为目标物,考察了吸附剂投加量、反应时间、反应温度等因素对麻疯树籽壳生物质炭吸附性能的影响,探讨了麻疯树籽壳生物质炭对4种PAHs的吸附效果及机理.结果表明,随炭化温度升高,生物质炭的比表面积逐渐增大;在25℃、生物质炭投加量为0.15g、吸附时间为60min的条件下,萘、蒽、芘和菲的去除率分别为97.4%、94.6%、93.1%和92.1%.麻疯树籽壳生物质炭对4种PAHs的吸附机理服从准二级动力学方程,吸附等温线服从Langmuir方程,萘、蒽、芘和菲的饱和吸附量分别为8.849、8.547、8.097和7.633mg/g.     

Disposal of Coal Fly Ash at A Deep Water Site in the Eastern Mediterranean Off Israel - Six Years of Monitoring

Coal fly ash (CFA) is dumped at a deep sea disposal site (1,500m water depth) in the eastern Mediterranean, ca. 70km off the Israeli shore. Since 1989, about one million tons of CFA were dumped at the 200km² allocated area. Six years of monitoring at the dump-site shows that the CFA is heterogeneously distributed; there are areas where CFA covers about 1.3cm depth of the sea floor while at others no CFA is found. CFA is present as a fine powder, small aggregates and even as large blocks both in the dump-site as well as at its peripheries. Cadmium, copper and zinc concentrations in the CFA decreased as a result of the prolonged contact with sea water at in situ conditions while inconclusive changes in mercury, iron and manganese were detected. No changes were observed for lead, iron and aluminium concentrations. A controlled long term field experiment, now in progress at the site, is expected to clarify further chemical changes occurring in the CFA.     

Possible Use of Ash Residues for the Construction of Artificial Reefs at Sea

Utilization of ash residues, including coal ash, oil ash, and municipal solid waste combustion ash, for the construction of artificial reefs at sea has been investigated by many researchers throughout the world for nearly 20 years. Both laboratory and field studies have shown that an artificial reef made of stabillized ash-concrete (SAC) has had no adverse effect on the marine environment. Indeed, published studies have shown that fish counts increase around SAC reefs owing to an abundance of colonizing organisms and to protection provided by cavities within the reef structures. However, public and regulatory resistance to the use of SAC for artificial reef construction at sea is still very strong in certain countries due to concern for possible negative environmental impacts, primarily in the area of bioaccumulation of elements or compounds originating from the ash component of SAC.

In this paper, technological feasibility of using ash residues for artificial reef construction is presented, based on the available 20 years of scientific data, including engineering workability, physical integrity, chemical leaching potential and biological effects. More important, we also identify conceptual barriers for the acceptance of using SAC for the construction of ocean reefs and suggest approaches to overcome these barriers.     

Temporal changes of Collembola population and alterations of life history parameters and acetylcholinesterase and superoxide dismutase activities in Cyphoderus javanus (Collembola) as biomarkers of fly ash pollution in lateritic soil

Fly ash is applied in agricultural fields to improve soil quality and crop yield; however, there are concerns regarding environmental hazards and toxicity to ecologically important soil organisms. The soil microarthropod fauna is a vital component of detritus food web, and major groups like Collembola are sensitive indicators of soil quality; however, information is scanty on their biomarker potentials against xenobiotics in tropical soils. The present study was aimed to evaluate temporal changes of Collembola population in fly ash amended field plots, and assess the biomarker potentials of life history parameters and biochemical responses such as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in Cyphoderus javanus Borner (Collembola, Insecta), exposed to fly ash treated soil in microcosms. The field study using 5% (50 t ha^?1) and 20% (200 t ha^?1) doses of fly ash revealed dose-dependent and persistent decline in the density and relative abundance of Collembola population in sandy loam lateritic soil. The microcosm experiments showed negligible lethal effect of fly ash on C. javanus, but major life history parameters namely survival success, fecundity, and molting were significantly inhibited by fly ash treatments. The activity of AChE was downregulated, whereas activity of SOD was upregulated within 7 days of exposure of C. javanus to fly ash treated soil. These biological and biochemical parameters in Collembola are potential biomarkers, and therefore, the effects of fly ash are significant in C. javanus, an ecologically relevant species in the tropical soils of India.     

Study on polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and dibenzofurans in rivers and estuaries in Osaka Bay in Japan

In order to search the source of polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in blue mussel in Osaka bay, sediments from Osaka bay and from rivers running near an urban municipal incinerator were analysed for PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs. The river and estuary sediments were all found to be contaminated with PCDDs at average levels of 9.8 and 12ppb on the dry basis, PCDFs of 7.8 and 5.1 ppb, and PCBs of 1600 and 1300ppb, respectively. The two sediments contained similar profiles of specific isomers and congeners of PCDDs and PCDFs with each other. In addition, there was observed positive close correlations between PCDD and PCDF levels in the two specimens as well as fly ash from urban municipal incinerators. These allow the conclusion that the main source of the two chemicals in Osaka bay is fly ash from waste incineration.     

高铝粉煤灰资源化过程重金属环境影响研究

针对高铝粉煤灰碱石灰烧结多资源利用工艺过程中重金属元素迁移规律和潜在环境影响量化问题,基于物质流分析方法,分析该工艺中重金属元素的边界输入输出和内部迁移规律.结果表明,输入端54%的铅元素由工业过程废弃物即高铝粉煤灰带入,其余来自工业原材料.输出端64%的铅元素进入产品,其余部分进入废弃物.该工艺主要环境排放节点在烧结和水泥生产环节.通过定义相对环境排放指数(REEI),比较分析该工艺与拜耳法工艺重金属排放情况.结果表明,该工艺单位氧化铝产量铅元素净排放显著降低,铬元素环境排放量与拜耳法基本持平,说明高铝粉煤灰碱石灰烧结多资源利用工艺不仅可以实现高铝粉煤灰的综合利用,也可以显著降低氧化铝产品的重金属环境影响.     

氯化钙焙烧法提取粉煤灰中的氧化铝

研究了以CaCl2为配料对粉煤灰进行焙烧活化,焙烧熟料水洗后,用硫酸溶液浸取以回收粉煤灰中氧化铝的方法,并考察了焙烧温度和时间、CaCl2加量、硫酸浓度和浸取时间等因素对氧化铝回收率的影响.采用添加CaCl2焙烧的方法,可高效率破坏粉煤灰中的刚玉和莫来石,生成能被无机酸分解的物相,如钙铝黄长石、硅铝酸钙等.结果表明,按CaCl2:粉煤灰=0.8的比例加入CaCl2,于900℃焙烧30min,熟料经水洗涤后,按照每g粉煤灰~30mmol硫酸的量加入1~4mol/L的硫酸溶液,常温浸取30min,氧化铝浸出率可达95%以上.     

谷壳灰硅肥改善土壤质量降低水稻镉砷累积的效应

为研究谷壳灰制备硅肥对水稻不同生育期土壤重金属镉（Cd）和砷（As）生物有效性、酶活性、微生物群落结构和糙米重金属含量的影响,开展水稻盆栽试验.结果表明,施用0.1%~1.0%谷壳灰硅肥能提高土壤pH值0.04~0.24个单位,有效硅含量44.2%~97.5%,也能降低土壤有效态Cd含量16.2%~21.4%,有效态As含量16.0%~24.9%;随施加量的增大各生育期土壤酶活性增大,其中蔗糖酶活性显著增大6.3%~145.7%,脱氢酶活性显著增大6.7%~224.1%;分析土壤成熟期微生物群落结构显示,施用谷壳灰硅肥不影响微生物α-多样性,但对微生物β-多样性产生显著影响,促进微生物生长,维持群落结构稳定性;随施加量的增大,糙米Cd含量降低了29.3%~89.7%,糙米总As和无机As含量分别降低7.8%~42.3%和17.2%~44.5%,当施用量在0.5%和1.0%时水稻糙米ω（Cd）<0.2 mg·kg^-1,ω（无机As）<0.35 mg·kg^-1.综上,谷壳灰硅肥能改善土壤质量、降低糙米Cd和As含量,具有环境友好性,可用于Cd和As复合污染稻田土壤的治理.     

山西省煤矸石与粉煤灰资源化政策体系探讨

从煤矸石与粉煤灰管理规定、综合利用经济政策和有关法规等三方面论述了强化煤矸石与粉煤灰综合利用的管理措施,提出了较全面 系统的法规政策体系,供有关部门决策中参考。      

高活性吸收剂脱硫脱氮的研究

针对目前干法脱硫工艺中吸收剂活性和钙利用率比较低的问题,开发了一种具有较高活性的吸收剂,用于烟道喷射脱硫脱氮.用实验设计方法研究了影响吸收剂活性的因素,得出高活性吸收剂的制备条件.并进行了脱除实验.