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排序方式: 共有322条查询结果,搜索用时 390 毫秒
251.
Seong Gu Hwang Fumio Matsumura Hiromi Sasagawa 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(1):115-123
Abstract Most modern pesticides are expensive. Application of excessive dosage rates is likely to cause undesirable biological side‐effects and is economically wasteful. Non‐uniform distribution of the spray cloud, or application at the wrong time, may result in failure to control the pest. It is the responsibility of the field operator to acquire sufficient knowledge and skill to ensure proper use of the control agents, to increase efficiency of their usage and to reduce unwanted side‐effects. To achieve this goal, he must take into consideration the various physical factors that govern field performance of pesticides. A simple relationship exists between the spray volume and emission rate used, and droplet size produced. The use of extremely low spray volumes (i.e., those less than 2.0 litre per ha) for forest insect control in Canada, as opposed to higher volumes used in agriculture, necessitates the release of fine droplets (ranging from 20 to 70 μm in diameter) to obtain adequate coverage of the target area. These droplets take a long time to sediment downwards, evaporate in‐flight, become smaller in size and/or form powdery residues, thus contributing to off‐target drift and impaired droplet adhesion to target surfaces. Physical factors such as rain washing, degradation by sunlight and erosion by wind also influence the longevity of pesticide deposits on foliage which is crucial during the critical period of pest control. Factors affecting the mode of entry into insects are related to the type of ingredients used in formulation. If a pesticide acts via crawling contact, formulations which would provide surface deposits would be more beneficial than emulsions or oil‐based mixes which tend to undergo penetration into foliar cuticle. Physical factors that affect field performance of a pesticide tank mix are related to phase separation and ‘breakdown of emulsions’ in the application equipment; ‘agglomeration and caking’ of wettable powder dispersions at the bottom of the tank; impaired flow behaviour of highly viscous formulations; and coarse atomization of high‐viscosity tank mixes leading to poor target cover. 相似文献
252.
Sayuri Shimazu Yukiko Kawabata Akito Inayoshi Hideyuki Inui Hitoshi Ashida Hideo Ohkawa 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(8):741-749
Four expression plasmids for recombinant human aryl hydrocarbon receptor (hAhR) consisting of a ligand binding domain of hAhR, a DNA-binding domain of LexA and a transactivation domain of VP16 as well as β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter genes were constructed. All the expression plasmids were transformed into tobacco plants. The selected transgenic tobacco plants were used to assay. PCB congeners showed GUS activity in a TEF-dependent manner. The selected transgenic tobacco plant XhD4V17 was compared with the transgenic tobacco plants XmD4V26 and XgD2V23 containing recombinant mouse (m) AhR-mediated GUS reporter gene expression cassette and recombinant guinea pig (g) AhR-mediated GUS reporter gene expression cassette for PCB congener-inducible GUS activity. The data revealed that the tobacco plant XgD2V23 was the most active in PCB congener-inducible GUS activity. In a 1:1 mixture of PCB126 and PCB80 a reduced PCB126-induced GUS activity was observed in plant XgD2V23, which could possibly be due to interaction between PCB126 and PCB80. 相似文献
253.
Yi H. Liu Rong Xie Yi R. Guo Guo N. Zhu Fu B. Tang 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(5):475-483
The effectiveness of homologous and heterologous formats in a nanocolloidal gold-based immunoassay for pesticide residue determination was investigated. Parathion, one of the most toxic organophosphorus pesticides, was used as the target analyte. One-step homologous and heterologous test strips based on a nanocolloidal gold-labeled monoclonal antibody were developed for the rapid detection of parathion residues. The results showed that the heterologous format was more effective than the homologous format, being more sensitive, more specific to parathion and more tolerant of matrix interferences. The best competitive hapten was found to have a moderate heterology and the opposite electronic distribution to the immunizing hapten. The detection limits for parathion using the preferred heterologous strip were 1 μg/L in water samples and 5 μg/kg in soil and food samples. 相似文献
254.
As in vivo system, we propose Drosophila melanogaster as a useful model for study the genotoxic risks associated with nanoparticle exposure. In this study we have carried out a genotoxic evaluation of titanium dioxide (TiO2), zirconium oxide (ZrO2) and aluminium oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles and their microparticulated forms in D. melanogaster by using the wing somatic mutation and recombination assay. This assay is based on the principle that loss of heterozygosis and the corresponding expression of the suitable recessive markers, multiple wing hairs and flare-3, can lead to the formation of mutant clones in treated larvae, which are expressed as mutant spots on the wings of adult flies. Third instar larvae were feed with TiO2, ZrO2 and Al2O3 nanoparticles, and their microparticulated forms, at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10 mM. Although a certain level of aggregation/agglomeration was observed in solution, it must be noted than the constant digging activity of larvae ensures that treated medium pass constantly through the digestive tract ensuring exposure. The results showed that no significant increases in the frequency of all spots (e.g. small single, large single, twin, total mwh and total spots) were observed, indicating that these nanoparticles were not able to induce genotoxic activity in the wing spot assay of D. melanogaster. Negative data were also obtained with the microparticulated forms. This indicates that the nanoparticulated form of the selected nanomaterials does not modify the potential genotoxicity of their microparticulated versions. These in vivo results contribute to increase the genotoxicity database on the TiO2, ZrO2 and Al2O3 nanoparticles. 相似文献
255.
Jae-Sung Rhee Bo-Mi Kim Chang-Bum Jeong Kenneth Mei Yee Leung Gyung Soo Park Jae-Seong Lee 《Chemosphere》2013
To utilize the GST-S protein as a useful biomarker for environmental contamination, we developed a polyclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the intertidal copepod Tigriopus japonicus. Two polyclonal antibodies, TJ-GST-S1 and TJ-GST-S2, were raised against two TJ-GST-S synthetic peptides. Also a recombinant TJ-GST-S protein was purified as a standard for ELISA development. Each polyclonal antibody was tested by Western blot analysis and indirect ELISA. Of two polyclonal antibodies, TJ-GST-S2 ELISA was further employed due to its wide range of detection and the limit of specificity compared to those of TJ-GST-S1 ELISA system. After exposure to 4 metals (Ag, As, Cd, and Cu) to T. japonicus, the amount of TJ-GST-S protein was significantly elevated in a concentration-dependent manner. Also, TJ-GST-S protein was upregulated at relative high concentrations of B[α]P, PCB, and TBT. In this paper, we suggest that T. japonicas ELISA for TJ-GST-S2 is useful as a potential indicator system for marine contaminants. 相似文献
256.
Yong Tang Jun-Jian Xiang Hong Wang Bin Liu Chang-Wei Guo 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(6):2074-108
One-step immunochromatographic assay (ICA) has been developed using colloidal gold-labeled monoclonal antibody probe for the rapid detection of lead ions in water samples. The ICA was based on the theory of competitive reactivity, and the results can be easily judged based on the presence or absence of a red colored test line with visual detection. Under optimal conditions, this method shows high detecting sensitivity with a LOD (limit of detection) of 50 ng/ml. Stability test indicates that the immunochromatographic strips are stable for 8 weeks at room temperature. During practical application, nanometer TiO2 is used to enrich the lead ions in water samples. The ICA is successfully applied in the measurement of lead ion concentrations in local water samples, and the results are highly consistent with that of ICP-MS. Detecting lead ions with ICA can be done within 4 min and is very useful for the rapid onsite testing. 相似文献
257.
Villarini M Moretti M Dominici L Fatigoni C Dörr AJ Elia AC Monarca S 《Chemosphere》2011,84(10):1521-1526
A sensitive and rapid method to evaluate toxic and genotoxic properties of drinking water supplied from Lake Trasimeno (Umbria, Central Italy) was worked out analysing bile in Cyprinus carpio exposed for 20 d to lake water treated with 3 different disinfectants, sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and peracetic acid (PAA). Fish were sacrificed at 0, 10 and 20 d in order to investigate the time course of these endpoints. An aliquot of bile samples was fractionated by adsorption on C18 silica cartridges and the genotoxic potential of whole bile and of bile fractions was evaluated by the single-cell microgel-electrophoresis (comet) assay on human colonic adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2). Bile (both whole and fractionated) from specimens exposed to the three disinfectants always showed a genotoxic activity as compared to the control group. The results of this study provide evidence that all three disinfectants cause an increase in bile genotoxicity of chronically exposed fish. 相似文献
258.
Jernbro S Rocha PS Keiter S Skutlarek D Färber H Jones PD Giesy JP Hollert H Engwall M 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2007,14(2):85-87
Background, Aim and Scope
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS; C8F17SO3-) is a fully fluorinated organic compound which has been manufactured for decades
and was used widely in industrial and commercial products. The recent toxicological knowledge of PFOS mainly concerns mono-substance
exposures of PFOS to biological systems, leaving the potential interactive effects of PFOS with other compounds as an area
where understanding is significantly lacking. However, a recent study, reported the potential of PFOS to enhance the toxicity
of two compounds by increasing cell membrane permeability. This is of particular concern since PFOS has been reported to be
widely distributed in the environment where contaminants are known to occur in complex mixtures. In this study, PFOS was evaluated
alone and in combination with cyclophosphamide (CPP) to investigate whether a presence of PFOS leads to an increased genotoxic
potential of CPP towards hamster lung V79 cells. Genotoxicity was investigated using the micronucleus (MN) assay according
to the recent draft ISO/DIS 21427-2 method. PFOS alone demonstrated no genotoxicity up to a concentration of 12.5 mg/L. However,
PFOS combined with two different concentrations of CPP, with metabolic activation, caused a significant increase in the number
of micronucleated cells compared to treatments with CPP only. These results provide a first indication that PFOS has the potential
to enhance the genotoxic action of CPP towards V79 cells, suggesting that together with the alterations in cell membrane properties
shown previously, that genotoxicity of complex mixtures may be increased significantly by changes in chemical uptake. Together
with an earlier study performed by the own working group it can be concluded that PFOS alone is not genotoxic in this bioassay
using V79 cells up to 12.5 mg/L, but that further investigations are needed to assess the potential interaction between PFOS
and other substances, in particular regarding the impact of membrane alterations on the uptake of toxic substances.
Materials and Methods:
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Results:
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Discussion:
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Conclusions:
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Recommendations and Perspectives:
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259.
Plants of Eichhornia crassipes grown at various levels of cadmium ranging from 0.1 to 100 μg ml−1 accumulated Cd in a concentration and duration dependent manner. At all levels, Cd accumulation by various plant tissues
followed the order roots shoot leaves. Approximately 80% of total Cd was accumulated by plant at highest concentration (100 μg
ml−1) used in the experiment. Cadmium induced phytotoxicity appears at 25.0 μg ml−1 resulting into reduced levels of chlorophyll, protein and in vivo nitrate reductase activity of the plant. However, a slight induction of these physiological variables was obtained at lowest
Cd (0.1 μg ml−1) concentration. In contrast, carotenoid content increased at highest Cd concentration i.e., 100 μg ml−1. Similar effects at low and high levels of Cd was obtained with respect to mitotic index and micronuclei in root meristem
of the plant. It could be inferred that Cd toxicity in plant is differential depending upon the low and high concentration
of Cd in the medium. 相似文献
260.
Aline Romero-Natale Georgette Rebollar-Pérez Irmene Ortiz María Guadalupe Tenorio-Arvide Ricardo Munguía-Pérez Ilaria Palchetti 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2020,55(4):310-318
AbstractA simple and rapid method for the determination of dimethoate in water was developed based on the monitoring of the complex formation between bis 5-phenyldipyrrinate of nickel (II) and the herbicide dimethoate. The method showed a short response time (10?s), high selectivity (very low interference from other sulfate and salts), high sensitivity (limit of detection (LOD) 0.45?µM, limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 1.39?µM), and a Kd of 2.4?µM. Stoichiometry experiments showed that complex formation occurred with a 1:1 relation. The method was applied to different environmental water samples such as lagoon, stream, urban, and groundwater samples. The results indicated that independently from the water source, the method exhibited high precision (0.25–2.47% variation coefficient) and accuracy (84.42–115.68% recovery). In addition, the method was also tested using an effluent from a wastewater treatment plant from Mexico; however, the results indicated that the presence of organic matter had a pronounced effect on the detection. 相似文献