Landscape patterns and their evolutions in the suburban ecotone A case study of the eastern suburb of Beijing

Ｌａｎｄｓｃａｐｅｐａｔｔｅｒｎｓａｎｄｔｈｅｉｒｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｓ１０ｔｈｅｓｕｂｕｒｂａｎｅｃｏｔｏｎｅ──ＡｃａｓｅｓｔｕｄｙｏｆｔｈｅｅａｓｔｅｒｎｓｕｂｕｒｂｏｆＢｅｉｊｉｎｇＹａｎｇＪｕｒｏｎｇ，ＺｈａｎｇＨｏｎｇｍｅｉ，ＨｕａｎｇＹｉ...     

乌江下游德江县喀斯特石漠化及其防治

基于TM影像解释和实地考察,查清了德江县石漠化面积为70 693 hm~2、占全县土地总面积的34．1％,划分了石漠化强度(中度以上的石漠化面积占全县总面积的16．6％),明确了德江县石漠化的空间分布格局;分析了德江石漠化的危害;从地形地貌、岩性、降水、耕种方式等方面探讨了石漠化的成因,最后提出了德江县石漠化综合防治对策。     

Change in plant spatial patterns and diversity along the successional gradient of Mediterranean grazing ecosystems

In this study, we analyze the complexity of plant spatial patterns and diversity along a successional gradient resulting from grazing disturbance in four characteristic ecosystems of the Mediterranean region. Grazing disturbance include not only defoliation by animals, but also associated disturbances as animal trampling, soil compaction, and mineralization by deposition of urine and feces. The results show that woodland and dense matorral are more resistant to species loss than middle dense and scattered matorral, or grassland. Information fractal dimension declined as we moved from a dense to a discontinuous matorral, increasing as we moved to a more scattered matorral and a grassland. In all studied cases, the characteristic species of the natural vegetation declined in frequency and organization with grazing disturbance. Heliophyllous species and others with postrate or rosette twigs increased with grazing pressure, particularly in dense matorral. In the more degraded ecosystem, only species with well-adapted traits, e.g., buried buds or unpalatable qualities showed a clear increase with grazing. Indeed, the homogeneity of species distribution within the plant community declined monotonically with grazing impact. Conversely, the spatial organization of the characteristic plants of each community increased in the better-preserved areas, being also related to the sensitivity of the species to grazing impact. The degree of autocorrelation of plant spatial distribution at the species level and the information fractal dimension at the community level allow us to quantify the degree of degradation of natural communities and to determine the sensitivity of key species to disturbance.     

长江口潮滩表层沉积物中微塑料的分布及沉降特点

河口区域是污染物的源头与交汇的区域.为探索微塑料在长江口潮滩的污染现状,本文选取长江口6个采样点、4个季度的潮滩沉积物进行采样分析,长江口潮滩沉积物中微塑料检测结果显示的平均丰度为(3.42±1.31)items·g~(-1),有纤维状和碎片状两种存在形式,其中纤维状占主要部分.微塑料在潮滩沉积物中的分布与沉降和长江口冲淤情况有着高度一致性,在沉积物冲刷地段位点微塑料丰度较低,在沉积物淤积位点微塑料丰度较高.长江口潮滩沉积物中微塑料丰度在1月达到最高值,且在1月和4月各位点差异较大,在7月和11月差异较小.再悬浮实验表明,微塑料主要在表层沉积物和水中积聚.本文结果表明,长江口潮滩沉积物受到一定程度的微塑料污染,微塑料在潮滩的积聚与长江口冲淤、降水和潮汐等因素密切相关.本文的结果可以为长江口潮滩表层沉积物中微塑料的污染研究提供一定的基础数据.     

全基因合成方法学研究

通过基因全合成实现基因的分子改造和人工组建正成为一种实验室常规手段,因此,建立一种能够在相对低廉和短时间内准确和高效地设计和合成长片段基因的方法十分重要.本研究报道了一种重复性好、错误率低、低成本和简便的基因设计和全合成方法.此方法包含经DNA2.0软件的序列优化,Gene2Oligo软件的寡核苷酸设计,覆盖全长基因双链的寡核苷酸的组合和引物介导下的全基因的合成等步骤.运用此方法,对3个不同长度的基因(分别为653bp,1309bp和1498bp)成功地进行了密码子优化和一步全合成.其中的amyFF在大肠杆菌中表达量提高了12倍.图2参18     

Characterization of soil organic matter content of two sample size populations along a climatic transect

Soil organic matter (SOM) content was determined in two populations of soil samples that were taken from 0–2 soil depth. One population represented soil samples that were takenfrom a square of 25 cm² in size (small-S population) and the other population represented soil samples that were taken from a square of 2500 cm² in size (large-L population). Thesamples were collected on hillslopes in different climatic regions: Mediterranean (GIV), semi-arid (MAL), mildly-arid (MIS) and arid (KAL). The results of both S and L populationsshowed decreasing SOM mean and variance from the Mediterranean site to the arid site. Statistical and spatial characteristics of each population were compared between the climatic regions. In addition, comparison between the two populations was made foreach site. The difference in sample size did not significantly affect the mean values of SOM of the two populations in sitesGIV, MAL and KAL, but did affect the mean at site MIS. At all study sites, except for site MAL, the variance increased with decreasing sample size. At sites GIV and KAL the coefficient ofvariation of S population was higher (more than 1.5 times) thanthat of L population, whereas at sites MAL and MIS, the differences were negligible. The relationships between the valuesof S and L samples at the individual sampling points defined thebackground of the study sites, which reflects the effect of vegetation (type), grazing, biological crust and soil properties.It was found that at the extreme sites GIV and KAL the backgroundwas characterized by relatively low SOM content with small areas of high organic matter content. At site MIS the background wascharacterized by relatively high SOM with small areas of low organic matter content. At site MAL the background was not dominated by high values of SOM nor by low ones. The spatial pattern of L population became more simple with increasing aridity. At the relatively wet sites the spatial pattern did notdepend on the sample size while in the more arid sites it was sample size dependent. It was indicated that the spatial structure of SOM at the semi-arid and mildly arid sites is anisotropic whereas at the Mediterranean and arid sites it is isotropic.     

Physics of failure analysis of power section assembly for positive displacement motor

Power section assembly is the core part of positive displacement motor (PDM), and its mechanical behavior and service life determine the drilling efficiency and cycle. In this paper, fault tree of power section assembly was established, failure reasons were analyzed and improvement measures were put forward. Finite element models of conventional lining and uniform wall thickness lining of 5/6 PDM were established, and the mechanical behaviors were investigated. Working parameters such as drilling fluid pressure, rubber hardness, downhole temperature and pressure difference were discussed. The results show that wear and rust are the main failure modes of the rotor. Failure modes of rubber lining are wear, tear, rupture, peeling off, thermal failure and fatigue failure. Under the action of drilling fluid pressure, the maximum effective stress of rubber lining appears in the bottom of arc, and the minimum stress appears at the top of arc. But deformation distribution is opposite to the effective stress. Deformation of uniform wall thickness lining is more uniform. Effective stress of the lining increases with the increasing of drilling fluid pressure and rubber hardness, but it decreases with the downhole temperature increases. Deformation of the lining increases with the drilling fluid pressure increases, but it decreases with the increasing of rubber hardness and downhole temperature. Effective stress and deformation distribution of rubber lining are more uneven with the pressure difference increases. High stress area lies between the two smallest chambers.     

Use of Ergonomics as a Quality Improvement Tool in a Manual Assembly Task

This study attempted to identify a direct relationship between the design characteristics of a manually-assembled product, exposure to work-related ergonomic risk factors, and improvement in product quality. The study considered (a) Accessibility (ease of approach) and Guidance (ease of alignment and positioning) as Design Variables, (b) Shoulder Abduction, Trunk Lateral Flexion, Rate-Normalized Percentage of Maximal Voluntary Contraction (%MVC) of the Wrist Flexors, Wrist Extensors, and Deltoids, and Frequency of Attachment as Ergonomics Variables, and (c) Percentage of Attachment Too Loose, Too Tight, and Misaligned as Quality Variables. Postural data, surface EMG data, and quality data were collected from 10 participants performing four 10-min repetitive manual assembly tasks with plastic threaded nuts, bolts, flat parts, and open-box parts. Unobstructed accessibility of manually-assembled parts was associated with decreased exposure to awkward trunk posture, decreased activity of the wrist flexors and extensors, increased frequency of repetitive motion, and a decrease in the tendency to attach parts too loosely. Accessibility had no effect on misalignment defects as measured. Part guidance decreased the number of parts attached too tightly and aided in increasing the rate of assembly of parts when there was unobstructed access to parts.     

Urban Land-banking Planning: A New Instrument to Regulate Urban Land Supply-demand of Nanjing City

Abstract

It is the major purpose of the paper to present the urban land-banking planning and its functions of promoting the urban land-banking system and land use administration. The urban land-banking system has the potential attribute of acting as an irreplaceable role in urban land administration, but its unexpected function-deviation has impacted its implementation effect in China. A few city governments are attempting to deal with the problem by the urban land-banking planning which is expected to contribute to the extension of urban function, optimization of urban patterns, promotion of urban core competitiveness and overall construction of the urban value chain. In this paper, we primarily discuss the necessity, functions, purposes and main contents of the urban land-banking planning. Subsequently, the implementing situation of the urban land-banking system in Nanjing is analyzed, including its integrated mode, spatio-temporal quantitative distribution and main characteristics. Finally, the background and targets including total, compositions, space, and regulation points are gradually introduced to present the Nanjing land-banking planning version 2.     

The Indigenous Fisherman Divers of Thailand: Diving Practices

Diving practices of a group of indigenous people living on Thailand’s west coast were investigated. Village chiefs were first interviewed using a questionnaire. Three hundred and forty-two active divers were then interviewed by health care workers using a second questionnaire. Field observation was used to further develop information and confirm diving practices. Divers in 6 villages, whose basic means of making a living is from diving for marine products such as fish and shellfish, have diving patterns that put them at substantial risk of decompression illness. Breathing air from a primitive compressor through approximately 100 m of air hose, these divers have long bottom times coupled with short surface intervals. Forty-six point two percent of the divers indicated that they would not make a stop during ascent from a long deep dive (40 m for 30 min). When comparing their previous day of diving to the U.S. Navy Standard Air Decompression Table (U.S. Navy, 1993), 72.1% exceeded the no-decompression limits set by the tables. Diving patterns point to a need for more in-depth research into the diving patterns of this indigenous group. Future research should include the use of dive logging devices to record depths and times. There is also a need to provide divers with information and training to reinforce positive practices and strengthen knowledge of the risks associated with their current diving practices.