COVID-19期间区域大气高污染发生的非线性动力机制

以长株潭城市群3个城市（长沙、株洲和湘潭）疫情期间（2020年1月24日~2020年5月31日）大气PM_2.5和O₃小时平均浓度时间序列数据为研究对象,对污染物日变化规律、长期持续性、多重分形性及自组织演化动力学特性进行研究.以期阐释疫情期间高污染事件发生及演化的内在动力机制.首先,对3个城市PM_2.5和O₃质量浓度的日变化规律进行分析,发现O₃呈现出昼高夜低的单峰型,而PM_2.5日变化规律表现出昼低夜高单峰型,与非疫情期间的特征有所差异.进一步,应用消除趋势波动分析法（DFA）、多重分形消除趋势波动分析法（MFDFA）和概率统计分析,研究了大气复合系统中PM_2.5和O₃质量浓度序列的长期持续性和多重分形结构.结果发现3个城市PM_2.5和O₃浓度序列均具有显著的长期持续性特征和较强的多重分形结构,同时,应用去趋势互相关分析法（DCCA）方法和多重分形去趋势互相关分析法（MFDCCA）对PM_2.5和O₃两者之间的互相关性进行了分析,发现PM_2.5-O₃之间的互相关也存在显著的长期持续性特征以及在不同时间尺度存在多重分形特征.进一步将疫情期间得到的非线性分析结果与2018年和2019年同期非疫情期间的结果进行了对比分析.最后,基于自组织临界理论（SOC）探讨了大气PM_2.5和O₃浓度时空演化的内在动力规律,并结合典型区域气象特征,阐明了SOC内禀动力机制可能是COVID-19疫情期间大气高污染形成的主导机制之一.疫情期间大气PM_2.5和O₃浓度并非分别独自演化,而是依然保持复杂的相互作用.静稳气象条件下,大气复合污染内部的非线性耦合作用可能达到动力学临界状态,将导致长株潭城市群在疫情期间仍有发生大气高污染的风险.     

三峡水库澎溪河消落带植物群落物种丰富度格局

通过样地调查和Spearman相关分析,研究了澎溪河消落带植物群落物种丰富度格局. 结果表明:沿河流纵向梯度,总物种丰富度、灌木层和草本层物种丰富度均表现出抛物线型,乔木层物种丰富度表现出直线型;沿河流侧向梯度,总物种丰富度和草本层物种丰富度随高程的增加先升高后降低;乔木层和灌木层物种丰富度随高程的升高而增加. 在纵向梯度上,底质类型与物种丰富度显著相关,距河口的空间距离对物种丰富度有重要的控制作用;在侧向梯度上,淹水时间、土壤含水量、底质异质性对群落空间格局有重要影响. 总体来说,消落带植物物种丰富度格局仍受原河流地貌及洪水格局的影响,但由于水位季节性变动,已形成与水位变动相适应的分布格局.      

Spatio-temporal ranging behaviour and its relevance to foraging strategies in wide-ranging wolverines

Conservation of carnivores in an increasingly changing environment is greatly helped by understanding the decision-making processes underlying habitat patch choice. Foraging theory may give us insight into spatio-temporal search patterns and consequent foraging decisions that carnivores make in heterogeneous and fluctuating environments. Constraints placed on central-place foragers in particular are likely to influence both foraging decisions and related spatio-temporal movement patterns. We used discrete choice models to investigate the spatio-temporal ranging behaviour of GPS collared female wolverines (Gulo gulo) with dependent cubs in south-central Norway. Activity patterns, home range use and selection for elevation were analyzed in relation to spatial and temporal covariates (daily and seasonal) and related to different foraging behaviours. In spring, wolverines showed restricted movement patterns around rendezvous sites at high elevations by day, whereas during the night animals were active at lower elevations. Over the summer, this daily pattern in intensity of use diminished and their overall selectiveness for elevation decreased as cubs grow more mobile and independent. At the onset of autumn, wolverines showed intensive use of the profitable forest-alpine tundra ecotone. We argue that reproducing wolverines deployed a foraging strategy attuned to altering their movement patterns throughout the summer to address a continuous, but diminishing, trade-off between providing both food and shelter for their offspring. Incorporating spatially and temporally explicit activity patterns and home range use in discrete choice resource selection models thus enhances the understanding of the motives behind wolverine resource utilization in space and time. Such knowledge may provide guidance to managers designing regional-scale zoning, in order to facilitate carnivore recovery and to minimize conflicts with human activities.     

云南地区种子植物区系属的多度及区系过渡性的空间分布格局

植物区系地理分布格局的研究有助于更好地理解植物区系的起源、迁移和分化。研究利用覆盖云南地区全境的植物区系分布信息,探讨了云南地区植物区系属的多度及区系过渡性的地理分布格局。结果表明,所有热带区系属的多度均随着纬度升高呈递减趋势;大多数温带区系属的多度随着纬度的升高呈递增趋势。中亚分布(T13)属的多度的高值主要出现在滇西北地区,尤其是在金沙江、澜沧江和怒江的上游地区,但在其它地区十分少见。地中海、西亚至中亚分布(T12)属的多度的高值也出现在滇西北地区,但在其它地区无明显空间分布规律;中国特有分布(T15)属在滇西北地区最为丰富,其次是滇东南地区,大致以"田中线"为界,界线以西地区的中国植物特有属的多度明显低于界线以东地区。从南到北,植物区系过渡性基本上呈单调递增格局,这一格局的形成可能与区系成分的迁移和地形格局有关。大理州以南的低海拔地区,热带区系成分占据主导地位,并占据了云南大部分的土地面积,这在一定程度上证实了云南地区总体上是一个"热带山原"的假说。本研究与其它研究的不同可能源于与源数据和取样尺度的差异。     

Contamination and source assessment of metals,polychlorinated biphenyls,and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soils from Addis Ababa,Ethiopia

Urban areas in developing countries are facing vast environmental problems as a result of rapid urbanization and industrialization. Of major concern is the contamination of soils which are increasingly becoming sinks for environmental pollutants. However, to date only little is known about the pollution in the megalopolises of developing countries. The aim of this study was to assess the contamination and potential sources of metals, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the urban environment of Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. The investigation revealed the presence of most of the analyzed pollutants in soil and sediment samples with total concentrations (dry wt) of PAHs ranging from 186 to 3150?µg?kg^?1, PCBs from 0.4 to 19?µg?kg^?1, Cu from 14 to 173?mg?kg^?1, Zn from 36 to 440?mg?kg^?1, Pb from 9 to 700?mg?kg^?1, and Ni from 16 to 72?mg?kg^?1. In addition, polyaromatic sulfur heterocycles, typical for oil and petrol residues, were detected in several soil samples. Source identification approaches revealed that Pb, Zn, and Cu are most likely derived from pyrolytic sources, with elevated values in samples related to waste combustion and traffic emissions. Ni is most probably of geogenic origin. For PCBs it is indicated that they are derived from a single source. However, correlations with technical PCB mixtures were inconsistent. PAHs originate from the combustion of biomass, vehicular exhausts, and petrogenic sources.     

2003—2013年中国粮食增产格局及其贡献因素研究

国家粮食安全是关乎国计民生的重要问题。2003—2013年我国粮食生产实现“十连增”乃至2015年“十二连增”,世人瞩目。论文以分省为基本单元,采用粮食作物的播种面积、产量、单产等数据,从全国和分省两个尺度,定量分析了2003—2013年我国粮食增产状况及其区域差异,全面探讨了我国粮食增产的地域格局及其贡献因素。研究表明：1）全国粮食“十连增”主要得益于稻谷、小麦和玉米等三大粮食作物的增产,且由于期间其他作物的减产,三大粮食作物增产贡献率达到105.73%;2）三大粮食作物中,玉米增产最为明显,无论在增产幅度、贡献率、增产速率还是增产区域角度均高于小麦和稻谷;3）单产提升对全国粮食“十连增”的贡献大于播种面积的扩大;4）分作物而言,玉米和稻谷增产主要得益于播种面积扩大,小麦则主要是单产提升;5）从省级角度看,近10 a我国绝大多数省份粮食均出现增产,但是粮食增产的主力依然集中在传统的粮食生产大省和西北的甘肃、新疆二省。     

Assessment of the hazard due to fragment projection: A case study

Fragment projection following vessel burst is a possible cause of domino effects in industrial accidents. The projection of fragments from stationary equipment usually follows the catastrophic rupture of process equipment due to internal pressure exceeding design values. In recent years, a detailed model was developed to assess fragment impact probability. The model, based on the use of fragmentation patterns and of a simplified analysis of fragment trajectory, allows the calculation of impact probabilities considering different scenarios leading to vessel burst and fragment projection. In the present study a case-study was analyzed to assess model performance and to test the credibility of the model predictions for fragment number, shape and impact probability. The cumulative probability of fragment impact was found to be in good agreement with the actual distribution of the landing points experienced for the fragments formed in the accident. The maximum projection distance predicted by the model resulted comparable to the maximum landing distance experienced in the accident. The model tested thus seems to yield significant results, well in the range of those experienced in the case-study analyzed.     

Optimization of mixture ratio of electrolyte for reducing activation resistance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell

The purpose of this study is to find an optimal mixture ratio of the platinum-loaded carbon catalyst and the electrolyte in a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell for reducing the activation resistance, which influences the electrochemical surface area, activation polarization, and maximum power density of the MEA. First, mixture ratios of 10, 20, 40, and 60 wt% platinum-loaded carbon catalysts and electrolyte were examined. The results indicated that the fuel cell performance improved for mixing weight ratios of 1.0:2.0 in 10 wt% Pt/C, 1.0:1.8 in 20 wt% Pt/C, 1.0:1.1 in 40 wt% Pt/C, and 1.0:0.5 in 60 wt% Pt/C. Next, we evaluated the activation resistances of the MEA from the AC impedance characteristics using the optimal mixing weight ratio of the platinum-loaded carbon catalyst and the electrolyte. It was found that the activation resistances of the anode and cathode decrease with an increase in the weight ratio of platinum-loaded carbon in the catalyst layer.     

地下水曝气技术气流模拟实验研究

利用三维模拟槽研究了地下水曝气技术(AS)使用过程中,含水层介质粒径、曝气压力与影响半径(ROI)、气体流量、气流流型之间的关系.结果表明:曝气过程中ROI随曝气压力的上升而增大;气流质量流量随曝气压力的增加而增大,压力较大时二者呈线性关系;气流流型由介质粒径决定,与曝气压力无关.介质粒径为1~2mm时气流呈倒圆锥形,介质粒径为4~8mm时气流呈抛物线形.     

WATER ADMINISTRATION IN ENGLAND AND WALES IMPACTS OF REORGANIZATION1

ABSTRACT: Water management in England and Wales has undergone a major transformation in the past three decades, and especially under the 1963 and 1973 legislation. It has witnessed a shift from local to national responsibility, an integration of functions, and a move towards the incorporation of economic principles into water policies. For some observers the new legislation appeared to be “pioneering” and “farsighted.” There is little doubt it has resulted in many beneficial changes. But not all the goals have been achieved. Modifications of the 1973 legislation are already in prospect. This article reviews the progress to date and comments on the problems now to be faced.