浙江省碳排放时空格局及影响因素研究

利用2005~2010年浙江省各县市区的社会经济数据和能耗数据,测算了各县市区的碳排放总量、人均碳排放量和地均碳排放量,采用空间自相关方法揭示了县域尺度下相邻县市区碳排放指标的空间关联性,运用地理加权回归模型定量描述了各县市区碳排放总量影响因素的空间异质性。研究结果表明:(1)研究期内,浙江省的碳排放总量从30 486万t增加到49 559万t。人均碳排放量和地均碳排放量也均呈增长趋势,且空间差异显著。(2)各县市区碳排放总量、人均碳排放量和地均碳排放量均存在较强的空间自相关性,总体上浙北浙东呈高高集聚,浙西南呈低低集聚。(3)人口和投资是影响碳排放总量的重要因素,且存在空间异质性。投资对浙西南碳排放的影响逐渐增大。     

Status of heavy metals in agricultural soils as affected by different patterns of land use

This study was conducted to determine status of heavy metals in agricultural soils under different patterns of land use. A total of 38, 40 and 45 soil samples for bare vegetable field, greenhouse vegetable field, and grain crop field were respectively taken from surface layer (0–20 cm) from selected experimental areas away from suburbs of ten counties (or districts or cities) in four provinces or municipalities of Huabei plain in north China. Information of crop production history, including varieties, rotation systems and fertilizer use, at the corresponding sampling sites was surveyed. Soil total Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cr, As and Hg were measured. The results showed that the contents of total Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cr, As, and Hg in the soil samples, especially soil total Cu and Zn contents, were higher in the bare vegetable field and the greenhouse vegetable field than that in the grain crop field. Long-term use of excessive chemical fertilizers and organic manures in the bare vegetable field and the greenhouse vegetable field contributed to the accumulation of Cu, Zn, and other heavy metals in the soils. The contents of total Cu, Zn, and other heavy metals in soils increased with increasing vegetable production history of the research areas. In comparison with the grain crop field, the comprehensive pollution indices of the seven soil heavy metals and the single-factor pollution indices of soil Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr, and Hg based on the second criterion of Environmental Quality Standard for Soils were significantly higher in the bare vegetable field and the greenhouse vegetable field. Soils from the greenhouse vegetable field were slightly contaminated according to the comprehensive pollution index, and soils from the bare vegetable field and the grain crop field were at the warning heavy metal pollution level. The soils were contaminated with Cd according to the single-factor pollution index. The Cd pollution was relatively more serious in the bare vegetable field and the greenhouse vegetable field than that in the grain crop field. The soils selected with different land use patterns were not contaminated with Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, As and Hg.     

典型时段区域污染过程分析及系统聚类法的应用

应用系统聚类法对2008年12月4─17日全国86个城市由空气污染指数(API)反算的ρ(PM₁₀₎进行聚类分析.结果表明:86个城市可以分为7个分区;根据ρ(PM₁₀₎的区域同步性特征及实况天气背景分析对7个分区进行了调整. 在12月4─17日的区域污染过程中,华北和华东2个地区为全国ρ(PM₁₀₎的高值区. 对华北和华东地区城市群ρ(PM₁₀₎的区域环境过程同步演变特征进行了对比分析,并根据天气型演变规律对形成原因进行了研究,建立了城市及区域环境污染过程与天气型背景的关系概念模型,揭示出天气型组合系统、分布、尺度、移动和演变是造成大气环境质量区域性、过程性特征和ρ(PM₁₀₎峰谷值出现的主要原因. 用聚类分析方法和所提出的概念模型可对我国城市和区域环境污染分区控制和成因进行深入研究.      

流水线生产的照度安全分析

依据流水线生产的特点,分析了照度水平与流水线生产安全性之间的关系,建立了照度-安全绩效模型,并进行了详细的定性分析和定量分析,对企业设计或优化照明系统,确保生产安全顺利进行具有重要的参考意义.     

Spatial Patterns of Macrobenthic Communities in Shallow-Water Tidal Embayments and Their Association with Environmental Factors

This study examines the distribution, composition, and structure of benthic communities in nine shallow-water semienclosed embayments on Cape Cod, southeastern Massachusetts. The spatial patterns were used to associate benthic characteristics with local environmental factors. Field data from multiple years were collected to measure macrofaunal abundance, community composition, and environmental characteristics. Multivariate statistics were used to analyze the spatial variations of species composition and the abundance of benthic macrofauna. Canonical ordination, specifically redundancy analysis, was used to determine the relative importance of the environmental factors (nutrients and habitat factors) being studied. The analyses demonstrate that the benthic communities in the shallow tidal embayments are clearly clustered in association with the local environments. Species composition and community structure of the benthic macrofauna are significantly correlated with water column parameters, especially with phytoplankton biomass, total nitrogen, and dissolved oxygen.     

方形组合式钢丝绳隔震器静刚度试验研究

作者研制了一种新型方形组合式钢丝绳隔震器。该种隔震器由4个条形夹具夹持16根普通镀锌钢丝绳组合而成,从结构形式上保证了水平刚度对称。经过多次垂直向循环静力加卸载试验,运用Origin 7.0软件对实验数据进行分析处理,绘制出该种隔震器的静力特性曲线,并分别与目前防护工程中采用的条形不锈钢钢丝绳隔震器、鼓形钢丝绳隔震器的静力特性曲线进行了比较。试验结果表明,方形组合式钢丝绳隔震器不但具有初始刚度大、软特性明显、阻尼大、加工简便、性价比高等优点,而且克服了条形不锈钢钢丝绳隔震器价格高、水平刚度不相同和鼓形钢丝绳隔震器加工复杂的不足,在今后的防护工程隔震技术中有良好的应用前景。     

基于城市空间溢出的远郊型乡镇开发模式研究

在城市空间溢出理论的指导下,以我国在2007年设立的国家级统筹城乡综合配套改革试验区重庆市为例,选取重庆市的远郊型城镇江北区五宝镇为研究区域,探讨旨在促进大城市周边的远郊型城镇与城区功能协调、互惠多赢的开发模式。首先,以鲜菜类和休闲度假类消费需求为例,对重庆市主城区城市居民消费需求的空间溢出展开调研;然后,从区位交通、资源基础、生态环境和开发现状等方面分析和判断五宝镇是否具备承接主城区溢出消费需求的条件,并设计了基于城市空间溢出的开发模式;最后,从经济效益、社会效益和生态效益等方面,对远郊型乡镇的传统开发模式和基于城市空间溢出的开发模式进行了综合效益比较。主要结论为:①重庆市主城区对其外部空间的土地、生物、景观和环境等要素存在着显著的溢出消费需求;②以城市溢出消费需求为导向,以协调城乡功能为目标,发挥自身的资源优势,将绿色农业与休闲经济有机结合是此类远郊型乡镇开发的最佳模式。     

我国沙区防沙治沙的区域模式

回顾了我国防沙治沙的经验和成就,论述了目前防沙治沙工作存在的不足,提出了今后防沙治沙应遵循的生态建设原则,即：水分平衡原则、景观和生物多样性原则、沙区土地利用的优化配置原则、防沙治沙“以保为主,先保后治”原则以及治沙与治穷并重的原则。根据不同的自然地理条件和社会神经发展水平,将我国沙区划分为４类防沙治沙区域生态建设和产业发展模式,它们分别是首都圈模式,农牧交错带模式,草原区模式和荒漠绿洲模式。对沙     

Congener-specific egg contribution of polychlorinated biphenyls to nestlings in two passerine species

Quantifying polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) residues in nestlings of avian species is a common method for assessing trophic transfer and risk at PCB-contaminated sites. The proportion of nestling PCB mass due to maternal transfer is often accounted for by subtracting total PCB mass in eggs from nestlings. However, variation in physicochemical properties and metabolism among congeners may lead to differences between egg contribution based on total PCBs and dioxin-like congeners. We examined congener-specific variation in contribution of PCBs from eggs to nestlings in tree swallows and European starlings. Egg contribution of total PCB mass was 14.3 and 16.2%, respectively, whereas contribution based on dioxin-like congeners was 14.8 and 13.6%, respectively. These data suggest that using total PCB mass in eggs to adjust estimates of PCB accumulation in nestlings may not reflect patterns for dioxin-like congeners, potentially over or under-estimating the risk of toxicity of PCBs.