红色荒漠化雏议

根据国际上对于荒漠化概念的新说明以及由联合国环境规划署所资助的《中国荒漠化 (土地退化 )防治研究》课题报告中确定的荒漠化定义 ,荒漠化概念的内涵包括 :1)以土地退化为本质 ;2 )与人类活动相关联 ;3)以荒漠化景观为标志 ;4 )以脆弱生态环境为背景。因此我国的荒漠化类型除了风蚀作用形成的沙质荒漠化外 ,还有水蚀作用形成的土质荒漠化和石质荒漠化 ;荒漠化防治的重点区域除北方干旱、半干旱和半湿润地区以外 ,也包括南方湿润地区的红壤丘陵区和石质山区。其中属于水蚀荒漠化和土质荒漠化的红色荒漠化就是指我国南方红壤丘陵区在人类不合理经济活动和脆弱生态环境相互作用背景下 ,以流水侵蚀为主导作用而形成、以地表出现劣地为标志的严重土地退化。鉴于我国南方红色荒漠化现象在我国现实存在中的客观性、在全球变化中的特殊性以及在理论概念上的模糊性 ,有必要对其进行深入研究     

Cycle synchrony and probability of conception in female hamadryas baboonsPapio hamadryas

We investigated the factors affecting conception in a captive population ofPapio hamadryas. We collected data on reproductive states from 16 females over 12 years. Probability of conception was related to the outcome of the immediately preceding pregnancy and the fate of the preceding offspring. After abortions or when an infant survived more than 6 months, a female needed more cycles to conceive than when an infant died within the first 6 months post partum. The degree of estrus synchrony within, but not between, one-male units influenced the probability of conception. Females experiencing conceptive estrus showed less synchrony than those experiencing nonconceptive estrus. The number of females simultaneously in estrus within a one-male unit was negatively correlated with the probability of conception. Within our captive population, group size and male and female age had no influence on the probability of conception. The results indicate that sperm may be a limited resource in the one-male reproductive units of hamadryas baboons. Female-female competition for conception may exist and should influence the demography of one-male units.     

微波辅助空气氧化水溶液中的PCP

采用活性炭为催化剂,对微波辅助空气氧化水溶液中的五氯酚进行了处理研究.考察了活性炭投加量、微波功率、辐射时间和通气量对溶液中五氯酚的去除率的影响.结果表明,在通气量为0.2 L/min,微波功率800 W和微波辐射60 min时,五氯酚的去除率可达到90%以上;对微波辐射前后的滤液进行紫外扫描和pH分析,可证实五氯酚被降解.     

省级化学品登记软件开发构想

为做好省级化学品登记工作,提出登记工作的软件设计构想,为企业和管理层提供准确的企业信息、统计数据等相关信息,为制定决策提供数据支持。     

林业发展新模式:智慧林业的评述(Ⅱ)

介绍了智慧林业的概念、基本特征及形成背景、新观念,分析了数字林业、智慧林业与泛在林业的关系,阐述了中国及智慧林业发展战略,建议深入研究智慧林业定义、内涵、外延、特征、观点、问题及对策,以便形成一门崭新的科学——智慧林业科学.     

Reduced effect of Tasmanian devil facial tumor disease at the disease front

Pathogen-driven declines in animal populations are increasingly regarded as a major conservation issue. The Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) is threatened with extinction by devil facial tumor disease, a unique transmissible cancer. The disease is transmitted through direct transfer of tumor cells, which is possible because the genetic diversity of Tasmanian devils is low, particularly in the major histocompatibility complex genes of the immune system. The far northwest of Tasmania now holds the last remaining disease-free wild devil populations. The recent discovery of unique major histocompatibility complex genotypes in the northwestern region of Tasmania has raised the possibility that some animals may be resilient to the disease. We examined the differences in the epidemiology and population effects of devil facial tumor disease at 3 well-studied affected sites in eastern Tasmania and 1 in western Tasmania (West Pencil Pine). In contrast to the 3 eastern sites, there has been no rapid increase in disease prevalence or evidence of population decline at West Pencil Pine. Moreover, this is the only onsite at which the population age structure has remained unaltered 4 years after the first detection of disease. The most plausible explanations for the substantial differences in population effects and epidemiology of the disease between eastern and western sites are geographic differences in genotypes or phenotypes of devils and functional differences between tumor strains in the 2 regions. We suggest that conservation efforts focus on identifying whether either or both these explanations are correct and then, if resistance alleles exist, to attempt to spread the resistant alleles into affected populations. Such assisted selection has rarely been attempted for the management of wildlife diseases, but it may be widely applicable.     

Evaluating unintended consequences of intentional species introductions and eradications for improved conservation management

Increasingly intensive strategies to maintain biodiversity and ecosystem function are being deployed in response to global anthropogenic threats, including intentionally introducing and eradicating species via assisted migration, rewilding, biological control, invasive species eradications, and gene drives. These actions are highly contentious because of their potential for unintended consequences. We conducted a global literature review of these conservation actions to quantify how often unintended outcomes occur and to elucidate their underlying causes. To evaluate conservation outcomes, we developed a community assessment framework for systematically mapping the range of possible interaction types for 111 case studies. Applying this tool, we quantified the number of interaction types considered in each study and documented the nature and strength of intended and unintended outcomes. Intended outcomes were reported in 51% of cases, a combination of intended outcomes and unintended outcomes in 26%, and strictly unintended outcomes in 10%. Hence, unintended outcomes were reported in 36% of all cases evaluated. In evaluating overall conservations outcomes (weighing intended vs. unintended effects), some unintended effects were fairly innocuous relative to the conservation objective, whereas others resulted in serious unintended consequences in recipient communities. Studies that assessed a greater number of community interactions with the target species reported unintended outcomes more often, suggesting that unintended consequences may be underreported due to insufficient vetting. Most reported unintended outcomes arose from direct effects (68%) or simple density-mediated or indirect effects (25%) linked to the target species. Only a few documented cases arose from more complex interaction pathways (7%). Therefore, most unintended outcomes involved simple interactions that could be predicted and mitigated through more formal vetting. Our community assessment framework provides a tool for screening future conservation actions by mapping the recipient community interaction web to identify and mitigate unintended outcomes from intentional species introductions and eradications for conservation.     

电助光催化氧化苯甲酰胺

以钛板为基材,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备固定膜 TiO₂/Ti 光催化剂,并对其施加一定的阳极偏电压,对苯甲酰胺溶液进行了电助光催化氧化处理.考察了阳极偏电压、溶液浓度和pH值对苯甲酰胺降解效率和光电流的影响规律,并比较了电助光催化氧化与光催化氧化、光解和电解处理对苯甲酰胺去除率的差异.结果表明,外加阳极偏电压可以大大提高光催化氧化技术的处理效率,最佳工艺条件为偏电压+0.6V/SCE,苯甲酰胺溶液的浓度 1.0mg/L,溶液呈酸性.在此条件下,经过 1h的处理,苯甲酰胺的去除率可达 90%.     

中国矿山环境治理恢复保证金制度

由于中国当前的矿山环境保护政策尚不能从根本上解决矿山环境的主要问题,作为责任主体的矿山企业不能积极主动实施矿山环境治理与恢复。矿山环境治理恢复保证金是为了保证采矿权人履行矿山环境治理恢复义务而缴纳的资金。建立矿山环境治理恢复保证金制度就是为了贯彻"谁污染、谁治理;谁破坏,谁恢复"的环保原则,促进采矿权人在采矿过程中保护矿山环境,并确保在闭坑、停办、关闭后受破坏的矿山生态环境得到治理恢复的一项特别的经济手段和措施。实施保证金制度可以更好地促进矿产资源开发的外部成本内部化,是矿山环境保护必要且有效的形式。     

我国环境监测方法标准体系的现状与发展构想

综述了我国环境监测方法标准体系的发展历程和现状,分析了环境监测方法标准在数量和内容及技术水平等方面不能满足环境管理需要、方法标准体系不健全、科学性有待提高等问题,提出加强环境监测方法标准的顶层设计、构建天地一体化的环境监测方法标准体系、实行动态管理并加强质控、加强监测科研借鉴国际经验等发展构想。