跨界流域监测方案的确定

阐述了跨界流域监测方案对于科学指导实践的重要性,提出方案具有针对性、完整性、规范性和可行性等基本特征。结合总体设计思路和要点,从组织机构、技术要求、质量控制等3个方面论证了方案的构成,针对当前编制并实施跨界流域监测方案中存在的针对性不强、缺项和漏项多、前期工作不到位、认识不统一等问题,提出了加强前期调研、技术培训和全程监督等应对措施,要建设先进环境监测预警体系新要求,通过加快技术创新,建立新型环境监测技术路线。     

上海市闵行区居民低碳生活现状调查及启示

文章从居民对低碳经济概念认知、低碳生活行为状况及参与低碳社会建设的意愿等三方面展开调查,以全面反映闵行区居民的低碳生活现状。应用spss软件对调查问卷进行了统计和多元相关分析。研究表明,居民低碳经济概念认知状况良好,主要受文化程度影响;参与低碳社会建设的积极性较高;但低碳生活行为的实践状况一般,年龄及文化程度对居民低碳生活行为的解释能力分别为22.4%和17.9%。低碳人群多属于"被动低碳",年轻人、文化程度较高及高收入者为低碳宣传的重点人群。     

电场促进畜禽粪便好氧堆肥中DOM演化的光谱学研究

好氧堆肥是畜禽粪便处置和资源化利用的主要途径.传统好氧堆肥（CAC）技术存在堆体温度低、发酵周期长、腐熟效果差等缺陷.最近研究发现,电场辅助好氧堆肥（EAAC）可快速促进堆肥腐熟,缩短堆肥周期,减少温室气体排放,具有潜在的应用前景.然而,电场促进堆肥过程中水溶性有机物（DOM）演化及腐殖化过程尚未清晰.基于此,本文采用紫外-可见光谱（UV-Vis）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）和三维荧光光谱（3D-EEM）等多种光谱技术分析了EAAC过程中DOM的演变规律.UV-Vis与3D-EEM分析表明,EAAC过程中,蛋白类物质在3 d内几乎被完全分解,富里酸和腐殖酸类物质在高温期（6~18 d）大量形成.EAAC的腐殖化指数（HI=HA/FA）高于CAC,E₄/E₆低于CAC,说明堆肥过程中DOM芳香化和腐殖化的速度与程度均优于CAC. FTIR分析显示,EAAC过程中DOM的碳水化合物、脂肪类物质逐渐减少,芳香族化合物不断增加,其腐殖化趋势明显比CAC更快.相关性分析显示,P_Ⅴ,n/P_Ⅲ,n与A_240~400、SUVA₂₅₄、E₂₅₃/E₂₂₀等UV-Vis光谱指标呈显著正相关（r>0.8, p<0.05）,可以作为评价EAAC腐熟度的重要指标.上述结果表明,电场辅助好氧堆肥可加速DOM中蛋白类物质分解,加快富里酸和腐殖酸类物质形成,促进DOM结构的芳香化.     

The immediate costs and long-term benefits of assisted gene flow in large populations

With the genetic health of many plant and animal populations deteriorating due to climate change outpacing adaptation, interventions, such as assisted gene flow (AGF), may provide genetic variation necessary for populations to adapt to climate change. We ran genetic simulations to mimic different AGF scenarios in large populations and measured their outcomes on population-level fitness to determine circumstances in which it is worthwhile to perform AGF. In the absence of inbreeding depression, AGF was beneficial within a few generations only when introduced genotypes had much higher fitness than local individuals and traits affecting fitness were controlled by a few genes of large effect. AGF was harmful over short periods (e.g., first ∼10–20 generations) if there was strong outbreeding depression or introduced deleterious genetic variation. When the adaptive trait was controlled by many loci of small effect, the benefits of AGF took over 10 generations to realize—potentially too long for most climate-related management scenarios. The genomic integrity of the recipient population typically remained intact following AGF; the amount of genetic material from the donor population usually constituted no more of the recipient population's genome than the fraction of the population introduced. Significant genomic turnover (e.g., >50% replacement) only occurred when the selective advantage of the adaptive trait and translocation fraction were extremely high. Our results will be useful when adaptive management is used to maintain the genetic health and productivity of large populations under climate change.