有效实施长江流域管理的框架探讨

分析了进入东海的长江口，杭州湾的主要污染物负菏情况，长江口6个国控监测断面的数据、长江水体水质，阐述了缺乏全流域的联合行动和有效的流域管理机制对长江流域水生态环境的影响，指出了长江流域水生态环境日趋恶化的现实，已经影响和制约长江流域社会经济的可持续发展，提出了有效的流域管理框架构思。     

Using ensemble modeling to predict the impacts of assisted migration on recipient ecosystems

Assisted migration is a controversial conservation measure that aims to protect threatened species by moving part of their population outside its natural range. Although this could save species from extinction, it also introduces a range of risks. The magnitude of the threat to recipient ecosystems has not been investigated quantitatively, despite being the most common criticism leveled at the action. We used an ensemble modeling framework to estimate the risks of assisted migration to existing species within ecosystems. With this approach, we calculated the consequences of an assisted migration project across a very large combination of translocated species and recipient ecosystems. We predicted the probability of a successful assisted migration and the number of local extinctions would result from establishment of the translocated species. Using an ensemble of simulated 15-species recipient ecosystems, we estimated that translocated species will successfully establish in 83% of cases if introduced to stable, high-quality habitats. However, assisted migration projects were estimated to cause an average of 0.6 extinctions and 5% of successful translocations triggered 4 or more local extinctions. Quantifying the impacts to species within recipient ecosystems is critical to help managers weigh the benefits and negative consequences of assisted migration.     

同步衍生超声乳化微萃取气相色谱法测定环境水样中的苯胺类化合物

本研究建立了一种针对环境水样中苯胺类化合物检测的新方法——同步衍生超声乳化微萃取气相色谱法(SDUSAEME-GC-FID).通过氯甲酸丁酯(作为衍生剂/萃取相)的用量、超声时间、样品溶液p H值、离子强度和离心条件等因素对衍生/萃取效果影响的实验研究,确定了最优条件的关键性控制参数.结果表明,在选定条件下分析测定环境水样中5种苯胺类化合物,在6~60 000μg·L-1浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数R2为0.999 7~0.999 9,检测限LOD(3倍信噪比)为1.1~4.1μg·L-1,相对标准偏差RSD(n=6)为2.4%~5.7%,富集系数EF为317~846,测定7种实际环境水样的相对回收率RR为86.8%~105.5%.本方法具有操作简便、灵敏度高、经济环保的特点,可以作为检测环境水样中苯胺类化合物的一种首选方法.     

循环型农业的含义、经济学解读及其政策含义

首先讨论了循环型农业的含义及其特点，并与现代常规农业、生态农业、绿色农业和持续农业进行了比较；然后从经济学角度对循环型农业进行了解读，认为循环型农业可通过区域大循环的规模经济和结构效应以及企业小循环的产业链增值两方面获得效益：并提出，加快科技进步、促进产业结构调整、加强区域处理中心建设以及建立和完善支持政策措施是促进循环型农业顺利发展的重要内容。     

碱性水热法同步稳定城市垃圾/医疗废物焚烧飞灰与废水中重金属的研究

研究了碱性水热法同步稳定城市垃圾/医疗废物焚烧飞灰与废水中重金属的稳定化效果和稳定化机制.结果表明,在碱性水热条件下,城市垃圾/医疗废物焚烧飞灰均对废水中重金属具有很强的去除作用,并且经反应后,飞灰重金属渗滤毒性不仅没有上升反而大大降低.原始医疗废物焚烧炉飞灰中6种重金属渗滤毒性为:Mn 17 300μg/L,Ni 1 650μg/L,Cu 2 560μg/L,Zn 189 000μg/L,Cd 1 970μg/L,Pb 1 560μg/L;原始城市垃圾焚烧飞灰中6种重金属渗滤毒性为:Mn 17.2μg/L,Ni8.32μg/L,Cu 235.2μg/L,Zn 668.3μg/L,Cd 2.81μg/L,Pb 7 200μg/L.这2种飞灰分别与重金属废水(浓度Cu、Pb为50mg/L,Mn、Zn、Ni、Cd为25 mg/L)在275℃条件下,碳酸钠添加量为1/10(5 g碳酸钠/50 g干灰),液固比为10/1,经10 h反应后,医疗垃圾焚烧炉飞灰对重金属去除率达86.2%～97.3%,城市垃圾焚烧飞灰对重金属去除率达94.7%～99.6%.反应后飞灰经重金属渗滤毒性测试均远远低于国家标准值.重金属稳定化机制主要是由于在硅铝酸盐晶体形成过程中对重金属化学吸附,物理包裹作用,老化期重金属空间几何位置迁移,高pH值对稳定化起到一定辅助作用.     

化学滴液电极对废水中Pb~(2+)测定的初步研究

利用自制的滴液电极,运用循环伏安和方波伏安法,对Pb~(2+)在水/甲基异丁基酮(MIBK)界面上通过双硫腙(HDz)促迁移的反应机制进行了研究.结果表明,该迁移过程为不可逆过程,Pb~(2+)的迁移峰电位为0.122 V,且当Pb~(2+)摩尔浓度为5.0×10~(-7)～4.0×10~(-5)mol/L时,峰电流和Pb~(2+)浓度呈线性相关关系;水相中常见的Na~+等金属离子浓度比Pb~(2+)浓度大百倍时,或水相中常见的Mg~(2+)、Ni~(2+)浓度与Pb~(2+)浓度相同时,对峰电流测定结果产生的干扰都较小(相对误差小于10.0%),但当水相中有Zn~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Fe~(3+)存在时,即使其浓度都与Pb~(2+)浓度相同,也会对峰电流测定结果产生明显干扰(相对误差分别为-12.2%、-28.7%、-60.3%);以方波伏安法取代循环伏安法进行峰电流测定,以新型绿色溶剂室温离子液体(RTILs)取代四苯硼四丁基铵作为有机相电解质,能极大提高Pb~(2+)浓度测定的灵敏度.     

Rapid determination of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its main metabolites in aqueous samples by one-step microwave-assisted headspace controlled-temperature liquid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography with electron capture detection

A rapid and sensitive analytical method for the determination of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its main metabolites in environmental aqueous samples has been developed using one-step microwave-assisted headspace controlled-temperature liquid-phase micro-extraction (MA-HS-CT-LPME) technique coupled with gas chromatography-electron-capture detection (GC-ECD). In this study, the one-step extraction of DDT and its main metabolites was achieved by using microwave heating to accelerate the evaporation of analytes into the controlled-temperature headspace to form a cloudy mist vapor zone for LPME sampling. Parameters influencing extraction efficiency were thoroughly optimized, and the best extraction for DDT and its main metabolites from 10-mL aqueous sample at pH 6.0 was achieved by using 1-octanol (4-μL) as the LPME solvent, sampling at 34 °C for 6.5 min under 249 W of microwave irradiation. Under optimum conditions, excellent linear relationship was obtained in the range of 0.05-1.0 μg/L for 1-dichloro-2,2-bis-(p′-chlorophenyl)ethylene (p,p′-DDE), 0.1-2.0 μg/L for o,p′-DDT, 0.15-3.0 μg/L for 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis-(p′-chlorophenyl)ethane (p,p′-DDD) and p,p′-DDT, with detection limits of 20 ng/L for p,p′-DDE, and 30 ng/L for o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDD and p,p′-DDT. Precision was in the range of 3.2-11.3% RSD. The proposed method was validated with environmental water samples. The spiked recovery was between 95.5% and 101.3% for agricultural-field water, between 94% and 99.7% for sea water and between 93.5% and 98% for river water. Thus the established method has been proved to be a simple, rapid, sensitive, inexpensive and eco-friendly procedure for the determination of DDT and its main metabolites in environmental water samples.     

National identities,international roles,and the legitimation of climate leadership: Germany and Norway compared

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) confers an obligation on developed states to lead in mitigation. This obligation challenges traditional conceptions of the modern state by calling forth a more outward looking state that is able to serve both the national and international communities in the service of global climate protection. Yet, the more skeptical theories of the ecological state suggest that climate leaders will only emerge if they can connect their climate strategy to the traditional state imperatives of economic growth or national security. How the governments of Germany and Norway, both relative climate leaders with ongoing fossil-fuel dependencies, have legitimated their climate policies and diplomacy is examined through a comparative discourse analysis. While both governments rely heavily on discourses of Green growth, they also construct national identities and international role conceptions that serve purposes beyond themselves.     

超声波辅助萃取测定土壤中的多溴联苯醚

对土壤中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的测定方法进行了研究.土壤样品经超声波辅助萃取后用硅胶氧化铝复合柱净化,再用带电子捕获检测器的气相色谱仪(GC-ECD)进行测定.该方法测定PBDEs各单体的相关系数(R2)为0.999 54～0.999 97,方法线性关系良好.基质加标空白回收率在74.9%～118.1%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为5.9%～8.9%,方法检测限为5.9～9.2 ng/kg.