Designing Cost-Effective Payments for Conservation Measures to Generate Spatiotemporal Habitat Heterogeneity

Abstract:  Many endangered species depend on certain types of agricultural or other forms of human land use. To conserve such species, schemes are set up in which land users receive payments for voluntarily managing their land in a biodiversity-enhancing manner. We developed a model-based framework for designing cost-effective payment schemes that generate spatiotemporal habitat heterogeneity to maximize the survival of multiple species under budget constraints. The framework integrates ecological and economic knowledge and consists of the derivation of an ecological benefit function and a budget function that are then combined to determine the cost-effective degree of spatiotemporal habitat heterogeneity. The ecological benefit function considers the timing of conservation measures, the induced habitat dynamics, and different degrees of substitutability among species. The budget function considers that the conservation agency may lack information about land users' individual conservation costs and personal attitudes and that land users can choose among different conservation measures. We applied the framework to a case study of grassland management, where the survival of three endangered species protected by the EU Habitats Directive depends on different types of land use. The lack of information available to the agency and the choice options of land users reduced the amount of conservation that can be financed with a given budget. Neglecting such findings may lead to an overestimation of the benefits of conservation programs.     

酶催化选择性有机合成研究新进展

综述了酶催化的区域选择性反应、对映选择性反应以及利用酶催化的选择性反应进行的动力学拆分研究的新进展．     

新疆自然植被对非对称性昼夜增温的时滞响应

为探究新疆地区植被活动与昼夜增温之间的复杂关系,本文利用2000~2015年归一化植被指数（NDVI）及气象数据,定量研究了新疆北疆、南疆及伊犁地区生长季日间最高气温（T_max）、夜间最低气温（T_min）变化趋势及植被对非对称性累积昼夜增温的时滞响应,通过二阶偏相关分析了T_max、T_min对新疆地区植被的影响.结果表明：北疆、南疆及伊犁地区昼夜增温均呈非对称性,昼夜增温空间异质性显著,北疆地区T_min增温速率为T_max增温速率的1.67倍,南疆地区T_min增温速率为T_max增温速率的1.59倍,伊犁地区T_min增温速率为T_max增温速率的2.67倍,伊犁地区昼夜温差缩小趋势显著.植被对非对称性昼夜累积增温时滞性呈现明显的空间差异,T_max、T_min对新疆地区植被平均滞后时间为（0.97±0.93）个月和（0.91±0.95）个月.南疆、北疆及伊犁地区针叶林、阔叶林及草甸草原植被受日间增温的影响,荒漠草原、典型草原受夜间增温影响显著,夜间增温影响范围更广.     

An “Asymmetric Threat” That Should Have Been Anticipated: Political Discourse on 2007 Wildfires in Greece

This paper examines the pre-election interpretative repertoires employed by the two main political parties in Greece regarding the 2007 summer wildfires, which have been recorded as the worst natural disaster in contemporary Greek history. This involved a discourse analysis of press releases, interviews, and press conference statements. While the New Democracy governing party initially followed a “business-as-usual” scenario, comparing the situation with past wildfires under the administration of PASOK (the biggest opposition party), the increasing number of deaths over time rendered any such comparison invalid. In order to regain momentum, the government launched the interpretative repertoire of “asymmetric threat”, which proved instrumental in helping the government to get re-elected. This political discourse lacked any consideration of broad socioeconomic changes in rural areas in Greece which might have contributed substantially to the severity of the disaster. Implications for wildfire policy are discussed.     

一些景观树对灾害天气事件的非对称响应

2004-2008年日本山口市的气候呈现出明显变化和波动的特点,突出表现在2004、2006和2007年。夏季极端高温和强台风伴随着无雨和持续的干旱等类似的灾害天气事件诱发了许多乔灌木景观树明显的可视被害症状。用压力室法对北美枫香树叶的观测表明,迎风面和被风面之间叶水势的差异来自于迎风面的叶、枝和树干对被风面的遮挡作用。因为台风或其他灾害天气事件持续地单向袭击树冠的一侧,山口市的一些景观树种迎风面和被风面之间表现出明显的叶面积、树冠面积和SPAD值的差别。灾害天气事件袭击期间的自我遮挡和灾后恢复期间的不平衡生长成为山口市景观树木偏冠的两个主要起因。许多木本植物从末端到基部的脱水特性似乎是它们响应灾害天气事件的一种重要的机制。修枝可以人为地削减蒸腾表面积以维持植株水分平衡,这使它成为一种修复被害树木的重要方式。     

基于模糊贴近度和熵权的航空装备维修安全综合评价

航空装备维修安全是确保装备飞行安全的重要因素,为提高航空装备飞行的安全性,需要对航空装备维修安全进行准确评价。根据航空装备维修安全评价涉及的不确定性问题,采用模糊数学和熵理论,提出一种基于模糊贴近度和熵权的航空装备维修安全综合评价方法。在建立航空装备维修安全评价指标体系的基础上,采用熵确定各指标的权重值、加权平均算子确定综合评价集,利用非对称贴近度进行决策分析。通过对某型飞机调查数据的算例分析,确定航空装备维修安全的主要影响因素,得出该型飞机维修安全水平的评价值。     

非对称双轨火箭橇动力学建模与仿真研究

目的 以高速非对称双轨火箭橇系统为研究对象,建立包含橇-轨相互作用的相关动力学模型,开展全轨范围内的动态特性数值模拟研究。方法 在明确火箭橇的组成和动力学过程基础上,对非对称双轨火箭橇进行受力分析,推导和建立非对称火箭橇-轨道耦合动力学模型,并对火箭橇进行自由模态分析。分析获得火箭橇气动力时程曲线、考虑火箭发动机质量损失的附加质量时程曲线,同时重构了轨道不平顺模型作为轨道激励。在此基础上,采用动力学软件分析火箭橇系统的动态特性。结果及结论 产品橇模态高于第二级推力橇,第二级推力橇模态高于火箭橇整体模态。火箭橇加速度随运行速度的增加而增大,竖向加速度大于横向加速度,火箭橇高速运行过程时的危险部位位于侧边翼上,有折断的风险。火箭橇竖向滑靴之间存在相位差,火箭橇竖向做俯仰运动,横向为往复摆动,竖向动力响应约为横向的1~2倍。     

An economic model of ecolabeling

Firms would like to capitalize on consumers' willingness to pay more for goods that use environmentally friendly production techniques, but have difficulty credibly conveying their environmental friendliness. One possible remedy is “ecolabeling,” where a third party certifies firms' products. To model this phenomenon, I analyzed a market characterized by asymmetric information in which firms decide whether to seek an ecolabel. Market equilibrium is discussed in three settings: where both technologies and outputs are fixed (so the only choice is whether to seek certification), where technologies are fixed but outputs are not, and where firms can choose both technology and output.     

基于非对称场流分离技术的水环境腐殖酸聚集特性研究

腐殖酸的聚集特性是影响其去除率及与其它污染物相互作用的重要因素,本文采用非对称场流分离技术对腐殖酸组分进行分离,配合示差折光检测器及多角度激光光散射器,对腐殖酸分子量的分布规律进行研究,探讨了水环境的化学条件对腐殖酸荷电状态和聚集状态的影响规律.结果表明,腐殖酸具有自我凝聚的特性;在p H较低和溶液离子强度较高时,腐殖酸胶粒的Zeta电位绝对值减小而分子量增大,腐殖酸胶粒聚集程度增大;随腐殖酸浓度增大,腐殖酸胶粒的Zeta电位绝对值减小,腐殖酸分子发生聚集而使胶粒分子量增大.当离子强度达到0.08mol·L-1,或浓度达到15 mg·L-1时,腐殖酸分子不仅靠氢键聚集在一起,还可能发生分子间的缔合.