红壤和磷灰石对沉积物重金属稳定化的影响

利用磷灰石、红壤及两者复配组合对污染沉积物中重金属进行稳定化处理,通过TCLP和改进的BCR连续提取法对稳定化效果进行分析和评价。结果表明,在稳定化试验中,对Cu、Cd和Zn的稳定效果由大到小为红壤+磷灰石、磷灰石、红壤;其中,红壤+磷灰石对Pb的稳定效果与磷灰石单独添加相近,显著大于红壤。5%磷灰石+5%红壤添加3个月后,Cu、Cd、Zn和Pb的稳定效率分别达到59.83%、29.43%、31.00%、96.06%。添加5%磷灰石时,Cu、Cd、Zn和Pb的稳定效率分别为52.46%、24.67%、25.23%、96.06%。红壤的添加不同程度地促进了磷灰石对Cu、Cd和Zn的稳定效率。连续提取试验结果表明.磷灰石单独和复配添加均使Cu、Zn和Pb的生物可利用态和潜在生物可利用态占比降低,生物不可利用态占比增大。5%磷灰石+5%红壤处理中,Cu、Cd、Zn和Ph的生物可利用态和潜在生物可利用态的比例总和分别降低了19.31%、5.11%、20.11%和68.97%。相比磷灰石单独处理,复配处理进一步促进了Cd和Zn的酸溶态向残渣态转化。磷灰石和红壤+磷灰石复配处理能有效降低沉积物中重金属的危害。     

成都平原蔬菜生产中灌溉水对农药渗漏的影响研究

针对成都平原蔬菜生产中大量施用农药、大量灌水的特点,首次在国内应用欧洲官方成熟的农药评估模型——PEARL模型,研究评估了成都平原当前蔬菜生产中的灌溉方式对两种不同特性农药的渗漏的影响。杀毒矾(土壤吸附力(KOM)为0 L/kg,半衰期(DT50)为80 d)在没有灌溉条件下,其渗出土体时的最大质量浓度是190μg.L-1,而有灌溉条件下其渗出质量浓度则可达523μg.L-1,是没有灌溉条件下的2.75倍。三唑磷(KOM为200 L.kg-1,DT50为60 d)在没有灌溉条件下,其渗出土体时的最大质量浓度是0.025μg.L-1,而有灌溉条件下其渗出质量浓度为0.13μg.L-1,比没有灌溉时提高了4.2倍。不管有没有灌溉三唑磷在该地区对地下水的污染风险都很小,而杀毒矾的风险则很高。因此,农药的化学特性是影响农药渗漏的最重要的因子。在蔬菜生产中应尽量选用被土壤吸附力强、半衰期短的农药,例如:三唑磷;农药在土壤中的移动载体是土壤水,不合理的灌溉会大大地加大农药淋溶,应当多使用微喷、滴灌等节水灌溉措施,减少使用漫灌等耗水多的原始灌溉方式。     

Designatable Units for Status Assessment of Endangered Species

Abstract:  Species status assessment and the conservation of biological diversity may require defining units below the species level to portray probabilities of extinction accurately and to help set priorities for conservation efforts. What those units should be has been debated in the scientific literature largely in terms of evolutionarily significant units (ESUs), but this discourse has had little impact on government policy with regard to status assessment. As with species concepts, the variously proposed ESU concepts have not been resolvable into a single approach. The need for a practicable procedure to identify infraspecific entities for status assignment is the motivation behind employing designatable units (DUs). In aid of a policy to prevent elements of biodiversity from becoming extinct or extirpated, DUs are determined during the process of resolving a species' conservation status according to broadly applicable guidelines. The procedure asks whether putative DUs are distinguishable based on a reliably established taxonomy or a well-corroborated phylogeny, compelling evidence of genetic distinction, range disjunction, and/or biogeographic distinction as long as extinction probabilities also differ. The language of the DU approach avoids wording that implies value judgments concerning evolutionary importance or significance. Because species conservation status assessment is not science but, rather, the use of science to further policy, DUs contribute to a precautionary approach to listing whereby status may be assessed even though knowledge of systematic relationships below the species level may be lacking or unresolved. The pragmatic approach of using DUs has been adopted by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada for status assessment of species under the Canadian Species at Risk Act.     

云南籼稻核心种质回交后代苗期耐冷性研究

早春低温和连续阴雨是导致籼稻烂秧的主要因素之一,筛选耐冷的种质资源,将耐冷性基因导入高产的籼稻品种之中是防止低温冷害最为经济有效的方法。加强籼籼稻杂交后代的苗期耐冷性研究,可为籼稻耐冷性育种提供条件。以235份云南籼稻核心种质和云南主栽籼稻品种滇屯502(Oryzasatica)配制的杂种F5、BC1F4、BC2F3和BC3F2代为材料,在昆明自然条件下,对亲本及其后代进行苗期(三叶)耐冷性研究。结果表明,(1)不同回交世代与杂种与亲本间的苗期耐冷强弱差异较大,总体趋势为回交供体亲本>F5>BC1F4>BC2F3>BC3F2;揭示了随着回交世代的增加,其回交杂种苗期耐冷性减弱,越来越趋于轮回亲本,在耐冷育种上对回交供体亲本及其早世代材料进行选择更易获得苗期强耐冷材料。(2)同一稻作区,回交供体亲本的苗期耐冷强于杂种后代;稻作区划间,回交供体亲本及杂种F5总趋势相近,滇中一季籼稻粳稻区和滇东北高原粳稻区材料耐冷最强,而BC1F4、BC2F3和BC3F23个回交世代存在一定差异。     

Soil Lead at Elementary Public Schools: Comparison Between School Properties and Residential Neighbourhoods of New Orleans

Soil studies, conducted in Maryland, Minnesota and Louisiana, have described the urban pattern of lead contamination. They have shown that the highest amounts of lead cluster within the interior of the largest cities. The results of the New Orleans urban patterns of distribution of soil lead provided the basis for further study. The hypothesis was tested that elementary school properties have the same pattern of soil lead contamination as their neighbouring residential communities. Thirty New Orleans Public Elementary Schools were selected for this study. Surface samples (2.5cm or 1 inch depth) were collected from playgrounds and next to entrances of each school. Results showed that soil lead on school properties follows the same relative contamination patterns (pvalue10^–5) as soil lead on residential properties of neighbouring communities. Schools however, have significantly lower lead contamination than the neighbouring residential properties. Innercity school properties present a higher risk of soil lead exposure than mid and outercity schools. Soils next to innercity school entrances showed the highest lead, with 18.5% having concentrations over 400gg^–1. Systematic landscaping around the school entrances would significantly reduce the hazard from lead dust contaminated soils.     

乌江流域县域社会经济发展的综合评价与分析

在简要阐述了县域社会经济发展综合评价原则的基础上,建立了悬域社会经济发展综合评价的指标体系,利用层次分析法确定了各评价因子的权重。接着以乌江流域为例,对流域内４０个县域的社会经济发展水平进行了定量评价,指出了流域内县域社会经济发展中存在的问题,并提出了相应的对策,旨在为促进乌江流域的县域社会经济协调发展提供某些科学依据。     

Study of oil-water partitioning of a chemical dispersant using an acute bioassay with marine crustaceans

The toxicity of seawater dispersions of a chemical dispersant to two marine crustaceans was investigated in the presence and absence of various quantities of a non-toxic mineral oil. From the results and a physical-chemical partitioning analysis, a limiting value of the oil-water partition coefficient of the toxic compounds is deduced suggesting that essentially all of the toxic compounds in the dispersant will partition into solution in water following dispersant application to an oil spill. This conclusion simplifies interpretation and prediction of the toxic effects of a dispersed oil spill.The combined bioassay-partitioning procedure may have applications to the study of the toxicity of other complex mixtures such as industrial effluents.     

负载型金催化剂用于室温下CO的消除

从催化活性、抗潮湿、抗硫中毒、稳定性等方面考察了负载型金催化剂对于ＣＯ氧化反应的性能。筛选出的２－３催化剂可在－２２℃下完全消除ＣＯ，并且在催化活性、抗潮湿、抗硫中毒、稳定性等方面具有现行催化剂无法比拟的优点。     

微囊藻毒素对不同生育期水稻生长的影响

灌溉水中的微囊藻毒素不仅会影响作物生长与产量,还可能沿食物链传递而威胁人类健康。以水稻为试材,研究了不同质量浓度(1μg/L、100μg/L、1 000μg/L、3 000μg/L)微囊藻毒素(MCs)对幼苗期和孕穗期水稻生长与成熟期水稻产量的影响,以及MCs在3个生育期水稻中的积累。结果表明:处理7 d后,1μg/L MCs处理对幼苗期水稻生长有一定促进作用,而对孕穗期水稻生长没有影响,高质量浓度MCs(≥100μg/L)抑制幼苗期和孕穗期水稻的生长;胁迫结束且恢复7 d后,100μg/L处理组孕穗期水稻根长、根表面积恢复能力强于幼苗期,株高、叶面积低于幼苗期,而1 000μg/L和3 000μg/L MCs组水稻各指标不仅未恢复,且劣于胁迫期,水稻产量下降92.4%和95.2%。用酶联免疫法检测发现,胁迫后MCs均在水稻体内富集。对于相同质量浓度MCs处理,幼苗期水稻各器官富集能力最大,孕穗期次之,成熟期最小。3 000μg/L MCs处理组的水稻谷粒中MCs质量比达21.2μg/kg,使人体每天摄入MCs的量可能高于世界卫生组织规定的人体每天吸收MCs的上限值。     

Trends in occupational injuries and fatality in Turkey

Introduction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the trend of occupational injuries in Turkey using epidemiologic criteria such as incidence mortality and fatality/all injuries recorded – rates. Materials and methods. Safety and health data were obtained from the Annual Statistic Books of the Social Insurance Institution (1988–2006) and Social Security Institution (2007–2011) of Turkey. Results. The results from the official data showed that although total employment is increasing the number of occupational injuries and incidence and mortality rates are decreasing. The results also demonstrate that occupational fatality/all injuries recorded – rate is increasing. The fatality/all injuries recorded – rate per 1000 injuries increased to 25.5 in 2011 from 8.6 in 1988. Each work day an average of five people died because of occupational injuries. Discussion and conclusions. The fatality/all injuries recorded – rate (the number of fatal cases per 1000 occupational injuries) is an important indicator of the injury rate for a country. Systems of occupational injury and illness surveillance constitute a critical resource for the management and reduction of occupational injuries and illness.