OH自由基与溴乙烷反应动力学和大气中存留寿命

溴代烷烃是破坏臭氧层的重要物质,用放电流动－共振荧光技术,测定ＯＨ自由基与Ｃ２Ｈ５Ｂｒ在２９７－３６９Ｋ温度范围的反应速率常数,求得其阿仑尼乌斯公式,并根据对流层的平均温度２２７Ｋ下求是ＯＨ自由基与溴乙烷反应速率常数（Ｋ）值,算出共在对流层的寿命为０．１６８ａ这将提供这类化合物使用否的重要科学根据。     

电化学法同时测定水样中的间硝基酚和对硝基酚

用微分脉冲伏安法同时测定了水样中含间硝基酚和对硝基酚的混合体系 ,在 0 1mol·l- 1 乙二胺 0 5mol·l- 1 氯化铵 (pH =8 5 0 )底液中于 - 0 5 0V和 - 0 69V (vsAg/AgCl)处出现两个灵敏度高且互不干扰的吸附波 .间硝基酚和对硝基酚分别在 4 0× 1 0 - 7— 8 0×1 0 - 5mol·l- 1 和 2 0× 1 0 - 7— 4 0× 1 0 - 5mol·l- 1 范围内与峰电流ip 呈良好的线性关系 .检测限分别为 8 0× 1 0 - 8mol·l- 1 和 6 0× 1 0 - 8mol·l- 1 .本法可用于环境废水中微量间硝基酚和对硝基酚的同时测定 .另外 ,对双组分体系的吸附性质和电极反应机理作了研究 .     

Toward separation at source: Evolution of Municipal Solid Waste management in China

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management in China has been transitioning from a mixed collection and treatment system to a separated collection and treatment system. The continuous rise of MSW treatment capacity and the optimization of technology structure provided basic facility support for China to promote MSW separation at source. China preferred a four-type separation system. Regulated recycling should be enhanced to improve the efficiency and sustainability of recycling industry. As food waste is the main composition of MSW in China, 20%–30% of the food waste diversion and land application could maximize the comprehensive environmental performance. Incineration is to be the pillar technology in MSW separated treatment system in China.     

水浮莲干体吸附去除水中的锑(Ⅲ)

以水浮莲干体为生物吸附剂,考察不同吸附时间、初始pH、水浮莲干体量、摇床转速和反应温度等因素对废水中锑(Ⅲ)的吸附影响;同时通过FTIR、动力学模型以及等温吸附模型等对吸附机理进行研究。结果表明:Sb3+初始浓度为50 mg/L、溶液初始pH为6.8、水浮莲干体用量为1.0 g/25 mL、于(25±1)℃的恒温振荡摇床中以100 r/min振荡吸附反应120 min后,吸附率可达76.8%。水浮莲干体对Sb3+的吸附是一个快速的过程,前10 min的吸附率为52.7%,60 min达到吸附平衡;初始pH对Sb3+的吸附有显著的影响,适宜pH为6.8;在一定范围内,干体量的增加、摇床转速的增大以及温度的升高都会导致吸附率升高。结合FTIR谱图分析得出吸附为化学、物理吸附;准二级动力学模型比准一级动力学模型能更好地描述水浮莲干体对Sb3+的吸附过程;Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温模型均适合对吸附过程进行拟合,但Lang-muir模型能更好地反映吸附特性,298 K时最大吸附量为1.394 mg/g。水浮莲干体对Sb3+有良好的吸附效果,可用于处理含锑废水,达到以废治废的目的。     

地质灾害防治绩效考核评价体系探讨

地质灾害防治纳入政府绩效考核是当前实践中迫切需要解决的重要课题。提出了地质灾害防治绩效考核的概念,并从目的、指标、主体、方法等4个方面建立了地质灾害防治绩效考核体系。应用所建立的绩效考核体系进行了实证分析,验证了考核体系的客观、实用和可靠性。研究成果为地质灾害防治科学管理提供了基础依据。     

啤酒废水常温厌氧消化启动及运行实验

采用自行设计的复合式厌氧反应器在常温下对啤酒废水进行了厌氧发酵产沼气的实验研究,将进水COD控制在5 000 mg/L左右,采取逐步缩短HRT的方法来提高进水有机负荷,结果表明,启动运行41 d之后,产气量上升速度加快,反应器成功启动运行;在稳定运行过程中,随着负荷的升高,产气量呈阶梯式渐次上升,COD去除率保持在90%以上,出水pH值维持在7.0左右,TSS去除率达到60%以上,出水水质较好,说明该反应器具有较好的厌氧消化处理有机废水的能力。     

LCA of local strategies for energy recovery from waste in England, applied to a large municipal flow

An intense waste management (WM) planning activity is currently undergoing in England to build the infrastructure necessary to treat residual wastes, increase recycling levels and the recovery of energy from waste. From the analyses of local WM strategic and planning documents we have identified the emerging of three different energy recovery strategies: established combustion of residual waste; pre-treatment of residual waste and energy recovery from Solid Recovered Fuel in a dedicated plant, usually assumed to be a gasifier; pre-treatment of residual waste and reliance on the market to accept the ‘fuel from waste’ so produced. Each energy recovery strategy will result in a different solution in terms of the technology selected; moreover, on the basis of the favoured solution, the total number, scale and location of thermal treatment plants built in England will dramatically change. To support the evaluation and comparison of these three WM strategy in terms of global environmental impacts, energy recovery possibilities and performance with respect to changing ‘fuel from waste’ market conditions, the LCA comparison of eight alternative WM scenarios for a real case study dealing with a large flow of municipal wastes was performed with the modelling tool WRATE. The large flow of waste modelled allowed to formulate and assess realistic alternative WM scenarios and to design infrastructural systems which are likely to correspond to those submitted for approval to the local authorities. The results show that all alternative scenarios contribute to saving abiotic resources and reducing global warming potential. Particularly relevant to the current English debate, the performance of a scenario was shown to depend not from the thermal treatment technology but from a combination of parameters, among which most relevant are the efficiency of energy recovery processes (both electricity and heat) and the calorific value of residual waste and pre-treated material. The contribution and relative importance of recycling and treatment/recovery processes change with the impact category. The lack of reprocessing plants in the area of the case study has shown the relevance of transport distances for recyclate material in reducing the efficiency of a WM system. Highly relevant to the current English WM infrastructural debate, these results for the first time highlight the risk of a significant reduction in the energy that could be recovered by local WM strategies relying only on the market to dispose of the ‘fuel from waste’ in a non dedicated plant in the case that the SRF had to be sent to landfill for lack of treatment capacity.     

Growth, photosynthesis and antioxidant responses of two microalgal species, Chlorella vulgaris and Selenastrum capricornutum, to nonylphenol stress

The effect of nonylphenol (NP) on growth, photochemistry and biochemistry of two green microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris and Selenanstrum capricornutum, and their ability to degrade NP were compared. The 96 h EC₅₀ of C. vulgaris and S. capricornutum were greater than 4.0 and 1.0 mg L⁻¹ NP, respectively, suggesting that the former species was more tolerant to NP. Both microalgae acclimated to NP stress through down-regulating their photosynthetic activities, including antenna size (chlorophyll a content), maximal photochemistry (Fv/Fm) and the light absorbed by PSII (ABS/CS₀), but the dissipation of energy from reaction centres (DI₀/RC) increased with the increase of NP concentrations. In C. vulgaris, the changes of these parameters were more significant than in S. capricornutum and recovered completely after a 96 h exposure. The antioxidant responses, such as GSH content, CAT and POD activities in C. vulgaris increased with the increase of NP concentrations after a 24 h exposure, but these changes disappeared with exposure time and recovered to the control levels after 96 h. In S. capricornutum, although GSH content, CAT and POD activities also increased when exposed to low- to moderate-NP concentrations, these values were significantly reduced at a high concentration (4 mg L⁻¹) even after a 96 h exposure, indicating its antioxidant responses were significantly delayed. It is clear that the more NP-tolerant species, C. vulgaris, acclimated better with a faster recovery of its photosynthetic activity from the NP-induced damage, and exhibited more efficient and rapid responses to NP-induced oxidative stress. C. vulgaris also had a higher NP degradation ability than S. capricornutum.     

工业用制氧机噪声控制方案

在大型炼钢生产工艺过程中,需要制备大量的氧气.由于空气流量大,制氧机进口噪声大,对周围环境和工作人员造成了极大的危害.对某钢铁集团制氧机的噪声源进行了分析,并在现场调查的基础上,提出了制氧机噪声治理方案.经过测试,治理后的厂界噪声指标达到国家标准的控制要求.     

Safety-culture in a Norwegian shipping company

Problem: Although there has been considerable interest in safety culture and safety climate in many industries, little attention has been given to safety culture in one of the world's riskiest industries, shipping. Method: Using both self developed items and items from published research on safety culture, safety climate, and quality and management style, a 40-item safety culture questionnaire was developed. The questionnaire was distributed in a self-administered form to sailors onboard 20 vessels and to officers attending a seminar in Manila. A total of 349 questionnaires were collected (total response rate, 60%). Results, discussion and impact on industry: Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed 11 factors when the Kaiser eigenvalue rule was used and four factors when the scree test criterion was used. The factor structure in the material confirmed structures found in other industries. The relative importance of the factors from the factor analysis on “level of safety” measures was tested by canonical correlation analysis and regression analysis. The results confirmed previous research and showed that the most important factors were influential across industries. To determine weather differences existed between nationalities, occupations, and vessels the factors from the PCA was subjected to Multiple Discriminant Analysis. Significant differences between occupations, nations, and vessels were found on one or more of the factors from the PCA.