推广固硫型煤改善城市空气环境质量

本文论述了固硫型煤在燃煤锅炉尤其是小型茶炉,洗浴炉及采暖炉上具有能消烟,除尘,脱硫 性。目前推广固型改善城市空气环境质量是经济,简便,易于,有效的实用措施。     

城市绿化中选择净化空气的植物配植

文章叙述了在城市绿化中选择净化空气的植物配植的方法、原则,介绍了几种对大气污染吸收净化能力强的植物种类,和室内选择净化空气的花草。     

不同C/M比HA-Al(Ⅲ)共沉物转化进度对其吸附还原Cr(Ⅵ)的影响机理

HA-Al(Ⅲ)共沉物普遍存在于土壤和含水层中,对地下水中的Cr(Ⅵ)具有较强的吸附和还原能力。共沉物中的无定形Al(OH)₃不稳定,易转化为三水铝石等晶质矿物,从而对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附和还原产生影响,但目前对其影响机理尚不明确。本研究分别制备了两种有机碳与金属原子物质的量比值（C/M比）为1和15的HA-Al(Ⅲ)共沉物,并对它们和Al(OH)₃单体同步进行了转化处理和表征;利用不同转化进度的HA-Al(Ⅲ)共沉物和Al(OH)₃单体开展了Cr(Ⅵ)吸附还原实验,并分析了共沉物转化进度对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附还原的影响机理。实验结果表明,共沉物的转化进度对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原几乎无影响,但对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附影响显著;随转化进度提高,“类矿物”共沉物（C/M比为1）对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量从0.91 mmol·g⁻¹降低至0.21 mmol·g⁻¹,而“类有机质”共沉物（C/M比为15）对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量几乎未受影响;“类矿物”共沉物对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附受Al(Ⅲ)矿物表面羟基的络合作用主控,其次为颗粒内扩散作用;随转化进度提高,共沉物及转化产物上表面络合态与颗粒内扩散态Cr(Ⅵ)的量分别随矿物比表面积和孔容的减小而降低;“类有机质”共沉物对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附和还原主要受HA表面有机官能团的络合和还原作用控制,因此几乎不受矿物晶型转化的影响。     

水中氨氮挥发影响因素探讨

本文介绍了水中氨氮挥发的影响因素。水中氨氮挥发速率常数随水的ｐＨ值和水温升高而增加，水面风速大则常数值也大，大气压高的地区的挥发速率常数小于大气压低者。与蒸馏水体系相比，在实验条件相同时滇胡水中氨氮挥发速率常数小。     

液固比对含重金属水泥熟料制品中重金属释放的影响

通过模拟煅烧试验制取水泥熟料,参照JGJ 55-2000（《普通混凝土配比设计规程》）制取混凝土样品,参考SR003.1和NEN 7375浸出试验,分别研究液固比对粒状及块状混凝土样品中重金属（Cr、Ni和As）释放的影响。结果表明,在不同液固比条件下粒状混凝土中的重金属浸出浓度为Cr>Ni>As,Cr、As浸出浓度基本保持不变,分别为2 500 μg/L左右和5～6 μg/L,Ni在液固比（L∶S）<6时,浸出浓度随着液固比的增加而降低,在L∶S>6时,浸出浓度较稳定,为35.7～41.5 μg/L;浸出量均随着液固比的增加而增大。液固比（L∶S）<10时,块状混凝土中重金属累积释放量及扩散系数均随液固比的增加而增大,当L∶S>10时两者基本保持不变。     

有机蒸气-空气分子扩散系数实测数据及分析

利用自行研发的气体扩散系数测试装置,测定了烷烃、环烷烃、芳香烃、含氧化合物（酯类、醇类、酮类等）等21种挥发性有机化合物在空气中的分子扩散系数。测定结果表明：互为同系物的有机化合物在相同温度下,分子扩散系数随着分子链的增长而减小,与其沸点呈负相关;互为同分异构体的有机化合物在相同温度下,有支链的分子扩散系数比没有支链的要大。另外,将实验实测值与FSG方程计算值以及文献值进行了对比分析。通过比较实测值与计算值,认为大部分分子结构全部为单键并且不含环状结构的有机化合物的实测值与计算值吻合度比较高,但分子结构中含苯环、碳环和烷烃支链的有机化合物,实测值与计算值吻合度不是很高。建议FSG方程进一步考虑分子结构差异性的影响。     

不同气氛下微粒捕集器的离线再生

基于NO2、NO2/O2以及O3与PM的化学反应模型,探究了气氛对微粒捕集器（DPF）离线再生效果的影响。研究结果表明,NO2/N2的气氛下,PM的起燃温度为250℃,而在NO2/O2/N2气氛下,PM的起燃温度降至150℃左右,但在O3/N2气氛下,PM可在低于100℃的再生温度下起燃。在3种气氛下,DPF的再生效率受再生温度的影响均较为明显。当再生温度较低（≤250℃）时,O3/N2气氛下,DPF的再生效果最好,且实现完全再生的时间最短;当再生温度较高（>250℃）时,NO2/O2/N2气氛下,DPF再生效果最好,且温度越高,实现完全再生的时间越短。在所选的再生温度范围内,O3/N2气氛下的壁面最大温度梯度峰值均高于NO2/N2和NO2/O2/N2气氛,但远小于DPF安全的温度梯度极限。     

Migration of colloids in discretely fractured porous media: effect of colloidal matrix diffusion

Numerical simulations of colloid transport in discretely fractured porous media were performed to investigate the importance of matrix diffusion of colloids as well as the filtration and remobilization of colloidal particles in both the fractures and porous matrix. To achieve this objective a finite element numerical code entitled COLDIFF was developed. The processes that COLDIFF takes into account include advective-dispersive transport of colloids, filtration and remobilization of colloidal particles in both fractures and porous matrix, and diffusive interactions of colloids between the fractures and porous matrix. Three sets of simulations were conducted to examine the importance of parameters and processes controlling colloid migration. First, a sensitivity analysis was performed using a porous block containing a single fracture to determine the relative importance of various phenomenological coefficients on colloid transport. The primary result of the analysis showed that the porosity of the matrix and the process of colloid filtration in fractures play important roles in controlling colloid migration. Second, simulations were performed to replicate and examine the results of a laboratory column study using a fractured shale saprolite. Results of this analysis showed that the filtration of colloidal particles in the porous matrix can greatly affect the tailing of colloid concentrations after the colloid source was removed. Finally, field-scale simulations were performed to examine the effect of matrix porosity, fracture filtration and fracture remobilization on long-term colloid concentration and migration distance. The field scale simulations indicated that matrix diffusion and fracture filtration can significantly reduce colloid migration distance. Results of all three analyses indicated that in environments where porosity is relatively high and colloidal particles are small enough to diffuse out of fractures, the characteristics of the porous matrix that affect colloid transport become more important than those of the fracture network. Because the properties of the fracture network tend to have greater uncertainty due to difficulties in their measurement relative to those of the porous matrix, prediction uncertainties associated with colloid transport in discretely fractured porous media may be reduced.     

Effect of density-driven flow on the through-diffusion experiment

Diffusion is one of the main mechanisms of solute transport in pore water of geologic media. The effective diffusion coefficient of a solute in a rock is usually measured by the through-diffusion experiment. However, in this experiment, the effect of advection, induced by density difference between dense aqueous solution and pure water, has not been considered. To evaluate the effect of density-driven flow, a through-diffusion experiment using Fontainebleau sandstone was conducted for KCl and KI aqueous solutions with various densities. The measured effective diffusion coefficients were positively correlated with the density difference; the effective diffusion coefficient of a 1 M KI solution (density difference, 0.119 g/cm³) was one order of magnitude larger than that of a 0.1 M KCl solution (density difference, 0.005 g/cm³). The result is explained by a theoretical model using a diffusion–advection equation including Darcy's law. Based on the theory, a diagram to evaluate the condition at which the measured effective diffusion coefficient does not include the effect of advection is presented.