自然贮存环境下某型控制舱贮存寿命评估

目的评估自然贮存环境下某型控制舱贮存寿命。方法针对历年统计的控制舱成败型、不完全故障数据,假设其服从指数分布族、Weibull分布族、极值分布族、对数正态分布族,结合工程实际处理异常数据、"倒挂"数据,采用极小x2估计对分布函数的参数进行估计,采用极小x2检验对各分布函数的合理性进行验证,计算"服从不同自由度下的x2分布随机变量"检验的拟合优度。结果得到了控制舱贮存可靠性分布函数。结论通过统计的故障数据,验证了所提出数学模型评估方法的适用性和正确性,得到了在置信度为0.90、可靠度为0.95条件下控制舱的自然贮存寿命。     

氟磺隆水解动力学研究

采用试验室内模拟试验的方法,研究不同pH的缓冲溶液和不同自然水体对氟磺隆水解的影响。实验结果表明,不同pH缓冲溶液和不同自然水体对氟磺隆水解速率均有不同程度的影响。在碱性条件下氟磺隆的水解速率最快,半衰期为0.2 d,酸性条件下次之,半衰期为6.0 d,在中性条件下水解较慢,半衰期为15.7 d,而在不同自然水体中氟磺隆的降解速率为:伊通河水稻田水青湖水蒸馏水。     

白银天然沸石对磷的吸附机理及性能研究

为探明天然沸石对磷的吸附机理,首先利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射、X荧光分析等对甘肃白银产天然沸石进行了表征,然后通过静态实验探讨了吸附时间、磷初始浓度、pH值等因素对沸石除磷性能的影响.研究结果表明：沸石对水溶液中磷的吸附动力学过程符合Pseudo second-order模型;Freudlich和Langmuir模型均可较好地描述沸石对磷的吸附特征;沸石对磷的吸附量随pH值增大而明显减小.     

天然水体中多壁纳米碳管对纳米氧化锌颗粒团聚与沉降行为的影响

研究了淡水湖泊水体中氧化多壁纳米碳管(Oxidized-multiwalled carbon nanotubes,o-MWCNTs)对纳米氧化锌(ZnO nanoparticles,nZnO)颗粒团聚与沉降行为的影响,探讨了天然胶体及o-MWCNTs的浓度对nZnO颗粒团聚粒径、团聚速率及沉降行为的作用.结果表明,nZnO在天然水体中会发生明显沉降,相比去除天然胶体的天然水而言,天然胶体的存在显著减少了nZnO的沉降.这主要归因于nZnO-天然胶体颗粒间的作用能垒高于nZnO-nZnO颗粒间的作用能垒,使得天然胶体的存在降低了nZnO-nZnO之间的颗粒碰撞效率,从而促进nZnO悬浮.o-MWCNTs对nZnO在天然水体中沉降行为的影响与天然胶体密切相关.相比于nZnO的单独沉降,在不过膜天然水中(含天然胶体),低浓度o-MWCNTs的存在增加了颗粒间的团聚速率,从而促进nZnO的沉降,而高浓度o-MWCNTs降低了颗粒间的团聚速率和团聚体粒径,从而降低了nZnO的沉降.而在过膜天然水中(不含天然胶体),o-MWCNTs的存在显著降低了颗粒间的团聚粒径和团聚速率,从而降低了nZnO的沉降,且o-MWCNTs的浓度越高,对nZnO悬浮稳定性的促进作用越明显.     

新疆阿克苏地区平原区高砷地下水分布特征及富集因素分析

地下水砷污染是全球化环境问题.本文基于阿克苏地区平原区2017年75个地下水砷实测含量进行分析.结果表明,研究区地下水砷含量变化范围为ND-98.70 μg?L-1,平均值为9.42μg?L-1,超标率达26.7％.水平方向上,高砷地下水主要集中在研究区的中部偏南一带;垂直方向上,山麓斜坡冲洪积砾质平原潜水区地下水砷含...     

贵阳市一居民区大气颗粒态汞的污染状况

2004年4、7、8、11、12月采用微型捕集管-冷原子荧光光谱法对贵阳市一个居民区大气中的痕量颗粒态总汞(TPM)进行了测定。结果表明:TPM日均浓度范围是0.149~4.853 ng.m-3,平均值是1.091 ng.m-3,显著高于背景参考值1~86 pg.m-3;TPM浓度采暖期大于非采暖期,夜间通常大于白昼;TPM与大气气态总汞(TGM)可能具有同源性;燃煤、垃圾焚烧以及周边工厂排放的含尘烟气可能是居民区大气颗粒态汞的主要人为来源。     

兴仁高砷煤矿区溪流水系环境中砷自然净化的初步研究

为了解矿山环境中砷的自然净化能力及其净化机制,对兴仁典型高砷煤矿区溪流水系环境进行采样分析。结果表明,研究区水体和沉积物中砷含量从上游到下游均呈不断降低的变化趋势,水体显示较强的自净能力。上游水体中砷含量的降低主要是吸附沉淀作用,而溪流的简单稀释作用在下游也显得非常重要。     

液化天然气(LNG)瞬时泄漏扩散的模拟研究

对液化天然气泄漏扩散过程进行了分析,考虑其泄漏后发生闪蒸时的液滴夹带以及混合空气量,将闪蒸完的状态作为箱模型的初始状态,考虑空气的湿度影响建立了重气扩散过程的箱模型,并应用实例进行了验证,得出了泄漏后有火灾爆炸危险性的区域以及距离泄漏源的位置,为应急救援预案的制定提供参考,模拟结果显示了重气扩散过程中的重力沉降,空气夹带等一般特征,同时云团初始闪蒸时的液滴夹带对云团的扩散行为具有一定的影响,不能忽略.最后提出了今后的研究方向.     

Humic substances

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Freshwater bodies which chemistry is dominated by dissolved humic substances (HS) seem to be the major type on Earth, due to huge non-calcareous geological formations in the Northern Hemisphere and in the tropics. Based on the paradigm of the inertness of being organic, direct interactions of dissolved HS with freshwater organisms are mostly neglected. However, dissolved organic carbon, the majority of which being HS, are natural environmental chemicals and should therefore directly interact with organisms. Major results that widened our perspective on humic substance ecology come from experiments with the compost nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, which behaved contradictorily to textbook knowledge and provoked an in-depth re-consideration of some paradigms. APPROACH: To overcome old paradigms on HS and their potential interactions with organisms, we reviewed recent international literature, as well as 'grey' literature. We also include results from own ongoing studies. RESULTS: This review focuses on direct interactions of dissolved HS with freshwater organisms and disregards indirect effects, such as under-water light quenching. Instead we show with some macrophyte and algal species that HS adversely interfere with photosynthesis and growth, whereby closely related algal species show different response patterns. In addition to this, HS suppress cyanobacteria more than eukaryotic algae. Quinones in the HS appear to be the effective structure. Furthermore, HS can modulate the offspring numbers in the nematode C. elegans and cause feminization of fish and amphibians--they possess hormone-like properties. The ecological consequences of this potential remain obscure at present. HS also have the potential to act as chemical attractants as shown with C. elegans and exert a mild chemical stress upon aquatic organisms in many ways: induction of molecular chaperons (stress proteins), induction and modulation of biotransformation and anti-oxidant enzymes. Furthermore, they produce an oxidative stress with lipidperoxidation as one clear symptom or even stress defense strategy. Stronger chemical stresses by HS may even lead to teratogenic effects as shown with fish embryos; all physiological responses to HS-mediated stress require energy, which were compensated on the expense of yolk as shown with zebra fish embryos. One Finnish field survey supports the view of a strong chemical stress, as the weight yield in fish species decreases with increasing HS content in the lakes. DISCUSSION: HS exert a variety of stress symptoms in aquatic and compost organisms. According to current paradigms of ecotoxicology, these symptoms have to be considered adverse, because their compensation consumes energy which is deducted from the main metabolism. However, the nematode C. elegans looks actively for such stressful environments, and this behavior is only understandable in the light of new paradigms of aging mechanisms, particularly the Green Theory of Aging. In this respect, we discuss the mild HS-mediated stress to aquatic and compost organisms. New empirical findings with HS themselves and HS building blocks appear to be consistent with this emerging paradigm and show that the individual lifespan may be expanded. At present the ecological consequences of these findings remain obscure. However, a multiple-stress resistance may be acquired which improves the individual fitness in a fluctuating environment. CONCLUSIONS: It appears that dissolved HS have to be considered abiotic ecological driving forces, somewhat less obvious than temperature, nutrients, or light. PERSPECTIVES: The understanding of the ecological control by dissolved humic substances is still fragmentary and needs to be studied in more details.     

污水厂污泥一体化竖式强化渗滤浓缩自然干化与消化研究

针对目前国内污泥处理处置存在的问题,为实现污泥浓缩消化一体化,开发了污泥一体化强化渗滤浓缩自然干化与消化新工艺反应器,并进行了城市水厂污泥处理试验.结果表明,在有机负荷为0.8 kg VSS/(m3·d)、平均水力停留时间为8.3 d、污泥停留时间为120 d的条件下,污泥有机物去除率可达到44.4%,排泥含水率达到79.1%,污泥消化与浓缩过程起到了相互促进的作用.渗滤液须抽回至污水处理厂处理.