大气环境容量系数A值频率曲线拟合及其应用

在用A值法确定大气环境容量的方法研究中,给出了大气环境容量系数的理论定义、特性及其累积频率曲线的PIII型拟合,同时证明该系数亦可定义为空气自洁指数.以北京为例探讨了各重现期的大气环境容量系数在不同控制区面积、时段所对应的容量及其相应空气质量的关联.按1951~2014的气象数据计算的北京百年一遇的年均A值为4.47,而百日一遇的日均A值仅为0.23.研究结果表明大气环境容量系数的频率分析或可成为大气环境管理中的一个重要工具.     

集对分析在区域大气环境风险评价中的应用研究

应用集对分析法对事故状态下有毒有害气体环境风险分布建立数学模型,通过南京化工园区的实例分析,把评价区域大气环境风险划分为5个等级,并对差异不确定系数i取值进行讨论,以反映不同状态下的大气环境风险分布水平.研究结果显示,i₁=0.5,i₂=-0.5取值方法简便,且此时的区域大气环境风险状态相对符合实际,可为优化土地利用规划和完善环境风险防控措施提供依据.     

安徽省室内降尘中多环芳烃分布及来源解析

采集安徽省内14个采样点的24个室内降尘样品,检测16种多环芳烃(PAHs)含量.结果表明,安徽省不同区域室内降尘中ΣPAHs浓度范围为0.52~89.3 μg/g,平均浓度为20.7 μg/g.降尘中PAHs以5环为主,其次是4环和3环.PAHs组成分析表明,几乎全部样品中PAHs均以高环(4~6环)为主,其高达60.5%~97.0%,仅在4个样品中检出了较高比例的低环PAHs (2~3环).这说明多数室内降尘中PAHs污染由交通运输(汽车和船舶)以及化工厂等高温燃烧排放造成.而安庆、芜湖及六安地区可能存在较严重的石油污染或煤、木材等低温燃烧源污染.公共场所、城市家庭和农村家庭降尘中PAHs的浓度存在明显的差异,总体上呈现:公共场所>城市家庭>农村家庭.异构体分析表明,公共场所和城市家庭内存在混合来源,而农村家庭以燃烧源为主.致癌能力分析表明,城市家庭降尘中的苯并[a]芘当量(BaPE)值略高于农村家庭.公共场所降尘中的BaPE值远大于家庭场所,是农村家庭或城市家庭场所的2倍多.     

滹沱河冲洪积扇地下水中多环芳烃的污染特征

为调查滹沱河冲洪积扇地下水中多环芳烃（PAHs）的污染状况,采用气相色谱-质谱法对该区16种US EPA优先控制的PAHs进行了分析,并对PAHs的污染水平,空间分布,来源与饮水健康风险进行了调查与评估.结果表明,51个点位中仅有2个点位未检出PAHs, PAHs的浓度范围为未检出~334.3ng/L,平均值为58.0ng/L,低于国内报道的其他地区的污染水平.研究区岗黄水库之间河谷裂隙孔隙水单元（G1）,滹沱河冲洪积扇扇顶部孔隙水单元（G2）,滹沱河冲洪积扇扇中部孔隙水单元（G3）3个水文地质单元PAHs平均浓度分别为215.2ng/L, 9.8ng/L,9.2ng/L, 其中G1以3~4环PAHs为主,而G2, G3以2~3环PAHs为主.分子比值法污染源解析表明,G1单元地下水PAHs污染源主要为煤与生物质燃烧,而G2, G3单元污染源主要为石油制品.采用US EPA推荐的方法对研究区地下水饮水健康风险进行评价,发现研究区G1单元PAHs饮水终生致癌风险平均值为2.1×10^-5,超过可接受水平,应当引起关注.     

近岸海域多环芳烃生态系统动力学模型及生境影响

利用生态动力学模型Delf3D,对大连葫芦山湾海域多环芳烃(PAHs)在海洋中的理化及生态动力学过程进行耦合,并以大连葫芦山湾实际监测数据及相关文献资料为基础,确定了一套适用于该近岸海域PAHs生态动力学过程的特征参数,模拟研究了PAHs在近岸海域生态动力学过程.以浮游植物生长率作为指示近岸海域生态系统健康程度的指标,将PAHs含量的数值模拟结果与浮游植物生长率的动力学响应方程相拟合,定量的评估了PAHs对海洋生态系统的影响.结果显示:排污口选址于水深大、流速快、水动力强处,对PAHs污染物扩散、水质改善具有显著作用,反之造成PAHs大规模富集.PAHs富集作用对该湾生境影响较显著,湾顶水动力作用微弱,浮游生物生长率削减度高达18%.ArcGIS分析显示,浮游生物生长率削减程度与PAHs时空分布并不完全一致,体现海湾生态系统的动力复杂性与结构稳固性.     

The transformation of PAHs in the sewage sludge incineration treatment

The release of pollutants from sewage sludge in the treatment process is a worldwide tricky problem in the field of sludge treatment. In this paper, the release and reaction between monomers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the sewage sludge incineration treatment were studied based on simulated experiments. The result indicates that the transformation may occurre between monomers of PAHs during their release in the treatment. Over 90% of total PAHs in sewage sludge are released at the the temperature of 300°C–750°C. The possible transformation of Naphthalene to indeno(1, 2, 3-cd)pyrene was related to the temperature of the treatment system. Here, we showed that the output rate of transformation reactions for indeno(1, 2, 3-cd)pyrene is 94% at 300°C. These findings, by identifying corresponding treatment conditions as well as techniques, can help to understand the reactions and control real outputs of PAHs in the treatment process.     

中国地区大气汞的数值模拟研究

结合中国地区的汞排放,利用引入大气汞化学反应机制和干沉降模型的区域大气环境模式系统(Regional Atmospheric Environment Model System,Reg AEMS),对中国地区大气汞化物浓度和干沉降通量的时空分布特征进行模拟研究。研究结果表明,中国地区年均气态零价汞Hg0、氧化汞Hg O、氢氧化汞Hg(OH)2、氯化汞Hg Cl2和颗粒态汞HgP的沉降量分布类似。除西部、西北部地区Hg0的浓度较低外(0.5 ng·m-3),其他地区均高于全球背景浓度。各类汞化物浓度的季节变化明显,8月最低,2、3月最高。一次汞源区附近汞浓度随高度递减,在离源较远的地区,高层汞浓度较高。气态零价汞的干沉降速度的季节变化最明显,其干沉降通量在夏季最高。模拟区域中气态零价汞、氧化汞和颗粒态汞的年干沉降量分别为163.9、7.43和32.2 t。     

Application of probabilistic risk assessment at a coking plant site contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Application of Probabilistic Risk Assessment （PRA） and Deterministic Risk Assessment （DRA） at a coking plant site was compared. By DRA, Hazard Quotient （HQ） following exposure to Naphthalene （Nap） and Incremental Life Cancer Risk （ILCR） following exposure to Benzo（a）pyrene （Bap） were 1.87 and 2.12 × 104. PRA revealed valuable information regarding the possible distribution of risk, and risk estimates of DRA located at the 99.59th and 99.76th percentiles in the risk outputs of PRA, which indicated that DRA overestimated the risk. Cleanup levels corresponding acceptable HQ level of 1 and ILCR level of 104 were also calculated for both DRA and PRA. Nap and Bap cleanup levels were 192.85 and 0.14mg.kg-1 by DRA, which would result in only 0.25% and 0.06% of the exposed population to have a risk higher than the acceptable risk, according to the outputs of PRA. The application of PRA on cleanup levels derivation would lift the cleanup levels 1.9 times for Nap and 2.4 times for Bap than which derived by DRA. For this coking plant site, the remediation scale and cost will be reduced in a large portion once the method of PRA is used. Sensitivity analysis was done by calculating the contribution to variance for each exposure parameter and it was found that contaminant concentration in the soil （Cs）, exposure duration （ED）, total hours spent outdoor per day （ETout）, soil ingestion rate （IRs）, the air breathing rate （IRa） and bodyweight （BW） were the most important parameters for risk and cleanup levels calculations.     

Analyses of PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and mutagenicity in raw and chlorinated water

Both raw water and chlorinated drinking water samples were collected from and the Liu‐Du water treatment plant in northern Taiwan from October 1990 to April 1992. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and mutagenicity in these water samples were analyzed by GC/MS and Ames test. The Mutagenicity/DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide) ratio in S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100 with or without S9 mixture increased, even higher than 2, following the sequence of unit process. It was observed that the mutagenicity with TA98 (S9+) was highly related to most of PAHs in the raw water; while the mutagenicity with TA98 (S9+) was only correlated with DbA and BghiPr in the treated water. It could be expected that the mutagenicity level was controlled by other predominant components after the raw water was treated, for example, the chlorination process.     

The biogeochemical cycles of phosphorus: A review of local and global consequences of the atmospheric input

P‐input from the atmosphere is, in many oligotrophic ecosystems, substantial for the biomass production; in some regions biomass formation may depend fully or partially on the phosphorus input from the atmosphere. As a consequence, phosphorus must be considered as an element participating in cycles involving the atmosphere, like sulfur and nitrogen. Dust and aerosols containing phosphorus are transported worldwide, linking even distant regions. Human activities enhance the amounts of P distributed. Since the concentrations of P in the atmospheric dry and wet input are usually very low, special care in sampling and analysis is a prerequisite to obtain reproducible data. Some values in the literature may be questionable.