大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的监测

本文报导了大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的一种测定方法和结果。颗粒物预处理方法是:超声萃取,抽滤,减压蒸发浓缩,硅胶柱净化,再浓缩,定容溶解。用高效液相色谱法分离和鉴定。对西南石油学院5个功能区冬季大气颗粒物中的苯并(a)芘等9种多环芳烃的分布状况进行了实测,苯并(a)芘平均含量为26ng/m~3,为国外一些大城市冬季值的三倍,为国内一些大城市冬季污染值的二分之一。     

制定区域大气环境总量控制方案的技术方法

提出了区域大气环境总量控制方案制定的技术路线和主要技术，即污染物的基础允许排放量，平权允许排放量和优化允许排放量的确定方法，以上海市某加工区ＳＯ２总量控制方案作了实例分析。     

热带滨海景观设施的腐蚀特征及其影响因素简析

目的 研究热带滨海地区景观设施的腐蚀特征及影响因素.方法 通过宏观调查和微区检查的方法,对比分析湛江、珠海和深圳3个典型的热带滨海城市景观设施腐蚀状况的差异,总结热带滨海景观设施的腐蚀特征.结果 缝隙腐蚀和焊缝腐蚀是热带滨海景观设施发生频次最高的腐蚀类型,其中出现缝隙腐蚀的频次平均为66.6％,出现焊缝腐蚀的频次平均为53.2％.随着离海岸距离的增大,景观设施腐蚀程度减小,其中景观设施在200 m发生大面积腐蚀的程度比100 m平均减轻22.1％.景观设施向海面发生严重腐蚀的比例比背海面高,其中景观设施向海面在100 m发生腐蚀比背海面严重,比200 m平均增高10.4％.结论 热带滨海地区景观设施的腐蚀差异与设施离海距离、设施朝向以及热带海洋大气环境要素(相对湿度和大气污染物浓度)密切相关.     

徐州市大气环境质量的模糊数学综合评价

运用模糊数学方法,选用SO2、NO2、PM10作为评价因子,参照大气环境质量标准,通过计算污染因子权重分配系数和隶属度对徐州市总体大气环境质量给出客观的评价,综合评判结果表明徐州总体大气环境质量为中度污染(三级),但空气质量在逐年好转.用模糊概念进行推理,经过运算得出综合评价结果,与一般评价方法相比更接近客观.     

核电厂址事故大气弥散因子计算的实验与理论研究

在目前常用的计算核电厂事故概率大气扩散因子的模式基础上提出了考虑内边界层影响的计算模式，根据某待建滨海核电厂址大气弥散实验的实测参数，分别采用本模式和常用模式估算了厂址边界０．５ｋｍ外的最终评价用事故概率扩散因子和各途径的剂量及有效剂量。计算结果表明，无论是事故概率扩散因子还是个人有效剂量，本模式给出的值都是常用模式的５．９倍。因此，在不能忽略内边界层出现频率的滨海厂址，必须考虑内边界层对事故扩散     

太湖流域近地表大气二氧化碳本底体积分数观测研究

基于2003年1月至2005年6月用气相色谱法对太湖流域近地表大气中二氧化碳本底体积分数的监测资料,对太湖流域近地表大气二氧化碳体积分数的变化特征进行了分析研究。结果表明:在观测时段内,太湖流域近地表大气二氧化碳体积分数平均值为(413.7±19.2)×10-6,且呈上升的趋势,主要受人类活动、工农业生产和交通运输业发展的影响;二氧化碳体积分数季节变化明显,冬春季高,夏秋季低,冬季出现峰值,平均体积分数为(417.8±3.7)×10-6,夏季出现谷值,平均体积分数为(400.8±14.7)×10-6,一年中最高值(424.0±1.1)×10-6出现在12月份,最低值(387.7±1.4)×10-6出现在8月份,主要受源汇强度变化影响;二氧化碳体积分数日变化基本呈双峰态,这是源汇强度变化和边界层稳定程度相互作用的结果。     

Formation of Nitrate and Sulfate in the Plume of Berlin (8 pp)

Background, Aims and Scope Secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA), i.e. particulate sulphate (S(VI)), ammonium and nitrate (N(V)) is formed from gaseous precursors i.e., sulfur dioxide (S(IV)), ammonia and nitrogen oxides, in polluted air on the time-scale of hours to days. Besides particulate ammonium and nitrate, the respective gaseous species ammonia and nitric acid can be formed, too. SIA contributes significantly to elevated levels of respirable particulate matter in urban areas and in strongly anthropogenically influenced air in general. Methods The near-ground aerosol chemical composition was studied at two stationary sites in the vicinity of Berlin during a field campaign in summer 1998. By means of analysis of the wind field, two episodes were identified which allow to study changes within individual air masses during transport i.e., a Lagrangian type of experiment, with one station being upwind and the other downwind of the city. By reference to a passive tracer (Na+) and estimates on dry depositional losses, the influences of dispersion and mixing on concentration changes can be eliminated from the data analysis. Results and Discussion Chemical changes in N(-III), N(V) and S(VI) species were observed. SIA i.e., N(V) and S(VI), was formed from emissions in the city within a few hours. The significance of emissions in the city was furthermore confirmed by missing SIA formation in the case of transport around the city. For the two episodes, SIA formation rates could be derived, albeit not more precise than by an order of magnitude. N(V) formation rates were between 1.4 and 20 and between 1.9 and 59 % h-1 on the two days, respectively, and S(VI) formation rates were > 17 and > 10 % h-1. The area south of the city was identified as a source of ammonia. Conclusion The probability of occurrence of situations during which the downwind site (50 km downwind of Berlin) would be hit by an urban plume is > 7.4%. Furthermore, for the general case of rural areas in Germany it is estimated that for more than half of these there is a significant probability to be hit by an urban plume (> 8%). The S(VI) formation rates are higher than explainable by homogeneous gas-phase chemistry and suggest the involvement of heterogeneous reactions of aerosol particles. Recommendation and Outlook The possible contribution of heterogeneous processes to S(VI) formation should be addressed in laboratory studies. Measurements at more than two sites could improve the potential of Lagrangian field experiments for the quantification of atmospheric chemical transformations, if a second downwind site is chosen in such a way that, at least under particular stability conditions, measurements there are representative for the source area.     

Temporal and spatial relationships in fine particle strong acidity, sulphate, PM1O, and PM2.5 across multiple canadian locations

The Canadian Acid Aerosol Measurement Program (CAAMP) was established in 1992 to gain a better understanding of the atmospheric behaviour of fine particle strong acidity (“acid aerosols”) and to facilitate an assessment of the potential health risks associated with acid aerosols and particles in general. During 1992. 1993 and 1994, annular denuder and filter measurements were taken at four sites in Ontario, two in Quebec, three in the Atlantic Provinces and one in the greater Vancouver area. Mean fine particle sulphate concentrations (SO₄²⁻) were highest in southern Ontario (annual average ranged from 40–70 nmol m⁻³), lowest at a site in the Vancouver area (average = 16 nmol m⁻³) and second lowest in rural Nova Scotia. However, mean fine particle strong acid concentrations (H⁺) were geographically different. The highest mean concentrations were at the east coast sites (annual average of up to 30 nmol m⁻³). Acidities were lower in areas where the fine particle acidity experienced greater neutralization from reaction with ammonia. This included the major urban centres (i.e. Toronto and Montréal) and areas with greater amounts of agricultural activity, as in rural southern Ontario. On average, ambient concentrations of fine and coarse particle mass were larger in the urban areas and also in areas where SO₄²⁻ levels were higher. All the particle components were episodic. However, compared to SO₄²⁻ and fine particles (PM_2.5 or PM_2.1, depending upon inlet design), episodes of H⁺ tended to be less frequent and of shorter duration, particularly in Ontario. Saint John, New Brunswick, had the highest mean annual H⁺ concentration, which was 30 nmol m⁻³. H⁺ episodes (24 h concentration > 100 nmol m⁻³) were also the most frequent at this location. The high levels in Saint John were partially due to local sulphur dioxide sources and heterogeneous chemistry occurring in fog, which, on average, led to a 50% enhancement in sulphate, relative to upwind conditions.There was a substantial amount of intersite correlation in the day to day variations in H⁺, SO₄²⁻ , PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ (fine + coarse particles) concentrations, which is due to the influence of synoptic-scale meteorology and the relatively long atmospheric lifetime of fine particles. Sulphate was the most regionally homogenous species. Pearson correlation coefficients comparing SO₄²⁻ between sites ranged from 0.6 to 0.9, depending on site separation and lag time. In many cases, particle episodes were observed to move across the entire eastern portion of Canada with about a two-day lag between the SO₄²⁻ levels in southern Ontario and in southern Nova Scotia.     

Aromatic photonitration in homogeneous and heterogeneous aqueous systems

This work describes the nitration of aromatics upon near-UV photolysis of nitrate and nitrite in aqueous solution and upon photocatalytic oxidation of nitrite in TiO2 suspensions. Phenol is used in this work as a model aromatic molecule and as a probe for *NO2/N2O4. The photoinduced nitration of phenol in aqueous systems occurs upon the reaction between phenol and *NO2 or N2O4, and is enhanced by the photocatalytic oxidation of nitrite to *NO2 by TiO2. Aromatic photonitration in the liquid phase can play a relevant role in the formation of nitroaromatics in natural waters and atmospheric hydrometeors, thus being a potential pathway for the condensed-phase nitration of aromatics. Furthermore, the photoinduced oxidation of nitrite to nitrogen dioxide suggests a completely new role for nitrite in natural waters and atmospheric aerosols.     

北京城市大气甲烷自动连续观测与结果分析

本文提出了自动连续监测北京城市背景下大气温室气体的方法 ,报道了 2 0 0 0年监测得到的CH4 日变化和总的变化趋势。对高密度观测获得的数据分析发现 ,北京大气CH4 的日变化呈现单周期正弦变化 ,平均浓度极大值 1.60 μg/L出现在凌晨 5 :0 0— 6:0 0 ,极低值 1.40 μg/L出现在午后 14:0 0— 15 :0 0 ,其原因很大程度上受制于光化学汇的日变化。通过研究不同季节、不同天气情况下CH4 的日变化规律发现 ,北京显然是CH4 的排放源 ,在强风条件下得到接近华北地区本底值的浓度。日变化季节差异反映了城市背景下大气CH4 的浓度主要受到汇的调制和人类活动的影响。同时 ,虽然北京大气CH4 浓度季变化仍呈双峰模态 ,但冬季峰值明显低于夏季 ,显示北京大气治理取得成效 ,人为源强度变小