ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT AND DEPOSITION PATTERNS DUE TO RUSSIAN PACIFIC FLEET OPERATIONS

A probabilistic analysis of atmospheric transport and deposition patterns from two nuclear risk sites-Kamchatka and Vladivostok-situated in the Russian Far East to countries and geographical regions of interest (Japan, China, North and South Koreas, territories of the Russian Far East, State of Alaska, and Aleutian Chain Islands, US) was performed. The main questions addressed were the following: Which geographical territories are at the highest risk from hypothetical releases at these sites? What are the probabilities for radionuclide atmospheric transport and deposition on different neighboring countries in case of accidents at the sites? For analysis, several research tools developed within the Arctic Risk Project were applied: (1) isentropic trajectory model to calculate a multiyear dataset of 5-day forward trajectories that originated over the site locations at various altitudes; (2) DERMA long-range transport model to simulate 5-day atmospheric transport, dispersion, and deposition of 137Cs for 1-day release (at the rate of 10(10) Bq/s); and (3) a set of statistical methods (including exploratory, cluster, and probability fields analyses) for evaluation of trajectory and dispersion modeling results. The possible impact (on annual, seasonal, and monthly basis) of selected risk sites on neighboring geographical regions is evaluated using a set of various indicators. For trajectory modeling, the indicators examined are: (1) atmospheric transport pathways, (2) airflow probability fields, (3) fast transport probability fields, (4) maximum possible impact zone, (5) maximum reaching distance, and (6) typical transport time fields. For dispersion modeling, the indicators examined are: (1) time integrated air concentration, (2) dry deposition, and (3) wet deposition. It was found for both sites that within the boundary layer the westerly flows are dominant throughout the year (more than 60% of the time), increasing with altitude of free troposphere up to 85% of the time. For the Kamchatka site, the US regions are at the highest risk with the average times of atmospheric transport ranging from 3 to 5.1 days and depositions of 10(-1) Bq/m2 and lower. For the Vladivostok site, the northern China and Japan regions are at the highest risk with the average times of atmospheric transport of 0.5 and 1.6 days, respectively, and depositions ranging from 10(0) to 10(+2) Bq/m2. The areas of maximum potentially impacted zones are 30 x 10(4) km2 and 25 x 10(4) km2 for the Kamchatka and Vladivostok sites, respectively.     

Air monitoring of persistent organic pollutants in the Great Lakes: IADN vs. AEOLOS

When designing a monitoring campaign, one has to consider many factors in the decision to perform a long-term synoptic monitoring program or a short-term intensive study. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages. This paper compares and contrasts the information obtained from two studies conducted on the Laurentian Great Lakes. One, the Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network (IADN), is a long-term synoptic monitoring study and the other, the Atmospheric Exchange Over Lakes and Oceans (AEOLOS), was a short-term intensive study. The advantages of long-term synoptic monitoring programs are providing greater spatial information, the relative influence of long and short-range transport on the regional background, gross loadings representative of the majority of each lake and long-term temporal trends. Short-term intensive studies provide more information on the processes governing sources, transport and deposition, such as the urban/industrial influence on adjacent large water bodies, specific sources to an urban/industrial area and short-term fluctuations in concentrations due to meteorology, source strength and photochemical reactions. Using information provided by both the IADN and AEOLOS studies, areas of urban influence are predicted for each of the five Great Lakes.     

Non-regulated water contaminants: emerging research

Those chemical pollutants that are regulated under various international, federal, and state programs represent but a small fraction of the universe of chemicals that occur in the environment as a result of both natural processes and human influence. Although the number of these targeted chemicals might be minuscule compared with the universe of both known and yet-to-be identified chemicals, an implicit assumption is that these selective lists of chemicals are responsible for the most significant share of risk with respect to environmental or economic impairment or to human health. This paper examines some of the less-discussed aspects of the background and assumptions that underlie society's relationship with chemical pollutants in water, particularly with respect to the need for a more holistic understanding of exposure and risk.     

Green chemistry

A grand challenge facing government, industry, and academia in the relationship of our technological society to the environment is reinventing the use of materials. To address this challenge, collaboration from an interdisciplinary group of stakeholders will be necessary. Traditionally, the approach to risk management of materials and chemicals has been through inerventions intended to reduce exposure to materials that are hazardous to health and the environment. In 1990, the Pollution Prevention Act encouraged a new tact-elimination of hazards at the source. An emerging approach to this grand challenge seeks to embed the diverse set of environmental perspectives and interests in the everyday practice of the people most responsible for using and creating new materials—chemists. The approach, which has come to be known as Green Chemistry, intends to eliminate intrinsic hazard itself, rather than focusing on reducing risk by minimizing exposure. This chapter addresses the representation of downstream environmental stakeholder interests in the upstream everyday practice that is reinventing chemistry and its material inputs, products, and waste as described in the “12 Principles of Green Chemistry”.     

深圳特区不同功能区大气微生物污染调查

采用平皿沉降法,测定了深圳特区不同功能区37个监测点人群呼吸带内的大气细菌数和真菌数,结果表明,特区内不同功能区大气微生物的浓度各异,其中市区商业交通混杂区的大气细菌污染最重,其次是工业区和交通干线,文教区和居民区、旅游区大气细菌含量最低。绿化情况良好的文教区、居民区、果园的真菌含量高于工业区和交通干线。以大气细菌含量为指标评价了各测点的空气质量,参与评价的37个测点中,清洁点占56.8%,普通点占29.7%,属界限空气的测点占8.1%,5.4%的测点空气已出现轻度污染。大气细菌的日浓度变化规律为:早上(6:30)、晚上(18:30)较高,上午(10:30)、下午(14:30)较低。     

深圳市城区大气颗粒物及主要水溶性无机离子的污染特征

基于2015年深圳市大气颗粒物和主要水溶性无机离子的观测数据,深入分析了大气颗粒物的浓度变化及二次污染特征.结果表明2015年深圳的大气颗粒物（PM₁₀、PM_2.5、PM₁）浓度虽然低,但其中细粒子占比高,PM_2.5/PM₁₀的比值高达0.744,甚至大于广州典型灰霾过程中的粗细粒子比.大气颗粒物浓度季节变化明显,秋冬高,春夏低.其日变化特征明显受到交通高峰的影响,汽车尾气可能是污染来源之一.SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和NH₄⁺（SNA）质量浓度在PM_2.5中的占比超过1/3（37.7%）,且全年硫转化率都大于0.1,这说明深圳市细颗粒物主要来自于二次转化.深圳大气颗粒物浓度受气象要素影响显著,与气压正相关,与气温、相对湿度、降水及风速负相关;若将风速、气温、气压、相对湿度和降水作为一个整体考虑,这些气象要素对深圳大气颗粒物浓度的影响大小是PM₁ > PM₁₀ > PM_2.5.本工作不仅对深圳的大气环境管理和经济可持续发展有着重要参考价值,还对空气相对清洁地区的大气颗粒物和霾治理具有指导意义.     

基于城市大气环境荷载指数的大气污染排放变率估算

基于地面气象观测资料计算大气自净能力指数ASI,和环境监测站的实测PM_2.5浓度数据,利用城市大气环境荷载指数研究分析了2个时段单位人口的污染物排放率的变化,以及2013年9月~2019年2月京津冀及周边主要城市气象条件和减排措施对空气污染物浓度变化的作用.结果显示：秋冬季节污染物的削减力度明显大于春夏季.2014年秋冬季有74.5%城市实现减排,区域平均减排12.6%,减排初见成效;2017年和2018年秋冬季,京津冀及周边地区持续大幅减排,其中京津冀区域相对基准年分别减排54.0%和47.7%.长治市在2014~2017年秋冬季排放率均高于基准年,直至2018年冬季始实现减排27.6%;石家庄市排放率变化幅度波动较大,2016年冬季相比2014年冬季增加68.2%,今后区域污染物防控需要重点关注以上2个城市.城市大气环境荷载指数能够客观定量反映出典型减排时段的排放率变化方向和幅度,是一种评估气象条件和排放控制措施二者对污染物浓度变化各自作用的简单有效方法.     

纱帽山不同海拔大气氮湿沉降通量差异及递变规律的数学模拟

通过对毕节市七星关区城郊纱帽山不同海拔大气沉降进行采样,检测了湿沉降中的水溶性总氮、铵态氮、亚硝态氮和硝态氮等指标.结果表明：①采样点位总氮湿沉降通量随海拔升高呈明显下降趋势,海拔每升高1 km年均垂直递减梯度为5.43 kg·hm^-2·a^-1.冬季山顶通量占最低海拔样点通量均值的29.23%,而夏季为87.80%.这是由季节性降水差异所导致的,夏季雨水冲并作用使得大气气溶胶浓度为全年最低（冬季最高）,因此,在有限海拔高度内垂直梯度在夏季最小而冬季最大.②各路径不同程度地出现了沉降峰值带（步梯路除外）,这与下垫面污染气体的垂直扩散有关.以车辆尾气为污染源,借助高斯模式推导其最大浓度出现的高度为56.11 m,而实测峰值带为理论计算高度的2~3倍,这与污染物扩散条件复杂及经验公式的非普适性有关.③铵态氮和硝态氮为无机氮的主要形式,亚硝态氮仅占9.04%,且冬季沉降量最大,这与氨氧化细菌在应对低温等不利环境方面有更强的适应性有关.④借助指数模型模拟了氮的湿沉降通量随海拔高度的递变规律,拟合公式为M=15.2534k·exp（-0.00079602x）,随机检验拟合程度较高,具有实际应用价值和推广前景.     

天津静稳指数建立及在环境气象预报和评估中的应用

基于2014—2015年NCEP再分析资料及天津地区PM_2.5质量浓度数据,构建天津地区静稳指数以期反映大气综合扩散能力,为天津霾、空气质量预报和大气环境气象条件评估提供支撑.研究结果表明：本文构建的静稳指数可作为评估天津地区细颗粒物大气扩散能力的重要指标参数,其建模产品与天津地区PM_2.5质量浓度相关系数为0.62,在评测期间（2016年6月1日—2018年5月31日）,基于EC模式的静稳指数24 h预报产品与天津地区PM_2.5质量浓度相关系数为0.67,1~7 d预报产品与PM_2.5质量浓度相关系数超过0.53,8~10 d预报产品随着时效增加指示能力有所下降,相关系数为0.4左右,但通过显著性检验.对比同期基于GFS资料和WRF/Chem构建的天津中长期环境气象数值模式,其相关系数接近,趋势预报效果相当.同时,由于静稳指数综合了水平风速、混合层高度、相对湿度等多项指标,可以综合反映一个地区大气扩散能力,在大气环境气象条件评估中可发挥积极作用,以同排放源不同气象条件的数值模拟为基准定义细颗粒物大气扩散条件,2013—2018年逐月大气扩散条件同比上年改善的占总样本41%,同比转差的占总样本59%,利用静稳指数对大气扩散条件月同比变化趋势进行判断,识别准确率可达80%.     

唐山上空CO2和CO浓度特征的飞机探测研究

为研究唐山城市上空CO₂与CO浓度时空分布,进一步定量其碳排放,于2018年11月~2019年3月,利用运十二飞机搭载高精度温室气体分析仪和相关辅助设备,对唐山市上空（200m~4600m）CO₂与CO浓度进行飞机探测.探测期间共取得6组CO₂和CO浓度垂直廓线数据.结果表明：探测期间CO₂浓度变化范围406×10^-6~453×10^-6,CO浓度变化范围27×10^-9~1135×10^-9.夜间探测有明显的混合层存在时,CO₂与CO浓度分布在混合层内有向上聚集现象,且在混合层顶均达到最大值;白天探测无明显的混合层存在时,浓度整体随高度增加而减小.在探测期间整层的平均风力小于4级时,CO₂和CO浓度极显著相关,CO₂和CO浓度比变化范围32.2~43.9.以2019年2月23日白天的架次为案例进行分析,微风条件下空气团经过城市后,CO₂和CO浓度均有所增加,显示当日唐山是CO₂和CO的源,结合质量平衡法或大气反演模式可以进一步估算城市CO₂和CO排放量.