南京2007年12月持续雾霾过程的大气消光特性

2007年南京冬季雾外场综合试验期间,雾、霾交替持续的最长时间达100 h以上。利用大气气溶胶粒子和雾滴数浓度尺度谱分布、能见度、相对湿度等同步观测资料,从Mie散射理论出发,研究了雾、霾不同阶段大气消光特征,重点分析了大气气溶胶粒子和雾滴在雾、霾持续和转化过程中的消光作用。结果表明,雾、霾过程不同阶段平均能见度的大小关系为：雾<湿霾<霾~轻雾。平均而言,雾阶段雾滴和气溶胶粒子的消光作用相当,其中,雾滴消光波动幅度大于气溶胶粒子消光,能见度的变化趋势主要由雾滴的消光决定。湿霾、霾和轻雾阶段的消光主要由气溶胶粒子造成。湿霾阶段的低能见度是由于大量积聚模态的气溶胶粒子在较高相对湿度环境中吸湿增长所致。霾阶段气溶胶粒子数浓度达到最大,核模态粒子占总数浓度的80%左右,是导致该阶段能见度较低的主要原因。轻雾阶段气溶胶粒子的消光系数最小,但雾滴可提供10%~15%的消光贡献,导致能见度与霾阶段相当。     

鸟粪石热解回收法去除垃圾渗滤液中氨氮的研究

采取鸟粪石热解回收,再循环利用的方法去除不同来源渗滤液中的氨氮,以降低投药成本。得到的最佳工艺条件为p H=9.5~10,药品投加量为氨氮浓度1.1倍,反应时间20 min,热解温度为100℃,热解时间4 h以上。热解鸟粪石法去除垃圾渗滤液氨氮的效果根据渗滤液本身的性质会产生较大的变化。老龄渗滤液中鸟粪石循环使用20次以后,单位质量的氨氮的去除成本降低至11.63元/kg以下;但在相同工艺条件下处理新鲜渗滤液,鸟粪石循环使用20次以后,单位质量氨氮的去除成本依然维持在35.23元/kg以上。     

环境空气中微生物监测结果的影响因素研究

空气中微生物附着在雾霾颗粒物上,随呼吸进入人体危害健康,是多种疾病的致病因素,故而快速准确的监测出区域空气微生物的数量,对于后续采取防控措施具有积极意义.在国家没有出台相关监测技术标准的情况下,通过设置不同采样时间、培养时间,获取了不同实验条件下的监测结果,分析不同组别数据结果的差异性,得出细菌采样时间3~5 min,培养48h比较合适,霉菌采样时间3 min,培养72h即可的实验结论.这样既保证了采集到绝大部分微生物,同时能够尽快的得到空气中微生物菌落数量,对相关监测方法的进一步研究具有参考价值.     

南宁市区交通环境空气颗粒物中碳组分的污染特征分析研究

含碳颗粒物是大气颗粒物的重要组成部分,对人体健康产生很大的威胁.分别于2012年夏季及2013年冬季在南宁市选取六条主要交通干道采集了PM10、PM2.5样品,分析测定了其中的碳组分.结果表明,碳组分浓度季节变化明显.碳组分在细颗粒物中占有比重比在可吸入颗粒物中大.存在二次有机碳污染.对8种碳组分丰度分析说明南宁市大气颗粒物中碳组分的主要来源是燃煤、机动车尾气及生物质样品燃烧.     

模拟状态下高尔夫球场果岭区域土壤氮磷浸出物对铁岗水库水质影响研究

通过采集高尔夫球场即将淹没的果岭土壤进行实验室条件下的模拟库基样品试验,对水库扩容后蓄水初期水质的变化情况进行了研究.结果表明:库水所含主要成分pH、高锰酸钾盐指数、总氮、总磷、氨氮和硝酸盐氮分别为7.4(mg/L)、30.8(mg/L)、1.16(mg/L)、1.189(mg/L)、0.21(mg/L)和0.11(mg/L);果岭20 cm土层库基土样pH、有机质、硝酸盐氮、氨态氮和有效磷分别为6.41(mg/kg)、10.29(mg/kg)、25.48(mg/kg)、25.76(mg/kg)和140.77(mg/kg).现有库基成分会改变库水高锰酸钾盐指标的升高.库水本身的总磷和总氮含量就严重超标.果岭库基本身的磷氮含量也很高.浸泡后果岭库基土样对降低浸出物总磷的严重超标起到了对冲的作用,致使总磷含量大为降低.     

Floodplain Trapping and Cycling Compared to Streambank Erosion of Sediment and Nutrients in an Agricultural Watershed

Floodplains and streambanks can positively and negatively influence downstream water quality through interacting geomorphic and biogeochemical processes. Few studies have measured those processes in agricultural watersheds. We measured inputs (floodplain sedimentation and dissolved inorganic loading), cycling (floodplain soil nitrogen [N] and phosphorus [P] mineralization), and losses (bank erosion) of sediment, N, and P longitudinally in stream reaches of Smith Creek, an agricultural watershed in the Valley and Ridge physiographic province. All study reaches were net depositional (floodplain deposition > bank erosion), had high N and P sedimentation and loading rates to the floodplain, high soil concentrations of N and P, and high rates of floodplain soil N and P mineralization. High sediment, N, and P inputs to floodplains are attributed to agricultural activity in the region. Rates of P mineralization were much greater than those measured in other studies of nontidal floodplains that used the same method. Floodplain connectivity and sediment deposition decreased longitudinally, contrary to patterns in most watersheds. The net trapping function of Smith Creek floodplains indicates a benefit to water quality. Further research is needed to determine if future decreases in floodplain deposition, continued bank erosion, and the potential for nitrate leaching from nutrient‐enriched floodplain soils could pose a long‐term source of sediment and nutrients to downstream rivers.     

Microbial bioavailability of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in the sediments of Lake Shankou, Northeastern China

Dissolved organic nitrogen(DON)extracted from Lake Shankou sediments using KCl was isolated into hydrophobic and hydrophilic fractions.The bioavailabilities of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic fractions to three types of bacterial communities collected from sediments,activated sludge and compost products were examined.The DON recoveries obtained by DAX-8 and cation exchange resins treatment were 96.17% ± 1.58% and 98.14% ±0% for the samples obtained from N4 and N14 stations,respectively.After 25 days of incubation at 25°C,most DON(59% to 96%)was degraded.Hydrophilic DON exhibited a higher reduction rate than hydrophobic DON during the growth phase.Untreated wastewater from Changshuihe town was the main degradable DON source to station N4,and 93% of hydrophilic DON and 80% of hydrophobic DON were degraded.Station N14 received a large amount of refractory DON from forest soils and exhibited DON degradation rates of 82% and 71% for the hydrophilic and hydrophobic fractions,respectively.Amino acid contents and fluorescence intensities were also analyzed.Approximately 27% to 74% of amino acids were taken up by day 5,and their concentration gradually increased in the following days due to the decomposition of dissolved proteins.Parallel factor analysis resulted in identification of tryptophan-like proteins,tyrosine-like proteins and FA-like substances.During the growth phase,40%–51% of the tryptophan-like proteins were taken up by bacteria,and the accumulation of tyrosine-like proteins was attributed to the release of biotic substances.The concentration of the FA-like substances decreased due to microbial decomposition.     

成都市中心城区春季大气颗粒物PM_(2.5)的污染特征研究

于2012年5月11日至5月15日同时对成都中心城区及其大气环境监测对照点都江堰灵岩寺大气PM2.5进行采集,并分析其中的化学组分。研究结果表明:成都市中心城区PM2.5的总体质量浓度大于灵岩寺,且各化学组分的质量浓度也均大于灵岩寺。两站点PM2.5中OC/EC均大于2,有2次有机碳的存在;中心城区WSOC和TN日均浓度大于灵岩寺,同时发现中心城区TN日变化趋势与灵岩寺一致,WSOC变化不明显;水溶性二次离子(SO2-4、NO-3和NH+4)浓度相对较高,中心城区SO2-4/NO-3值比灵岩寺小,说明成都市机动车尾气是主要排放源。     

常州市环境空气质量功能区划调整研究

以尊重自然、顺应自然为原则,立足常州大气环境质量分布特征及污染源排放规律,以自然保护区、风景名胜区和其他需要特殊保护的区域为基线,综合气象环境均一性分析、大气环境敏感区域识别的结果进行优化,再与城市总规"四区划定"进行协调性分析后最终确定环境空气质量功能区划调整方案。     

A^2O脱氮除磷工艺及其变型工艺比较分析

传统的A2O工艺及其变型工艺,由于工艺流程简单、控制方便、运行费用低等特点,目前仍广泛应用于污水处理的脱氮除磷。对传统的A2O工艺及其变型工艺的原理和特点进行了系统归纳和比较分析。