单级SBR生物膜中全程自养脱氮的研究

研究了具有全程自养脱氮作用的生物膜中无机碳源浓度、pH值、溶解氧(DO)对全程自养脱氮的影响.结果表明,当NaHCO3浓度从1.75g/L上升到2.50g/L时,反应体系中的pH值从7.6～8.0上升到8.8左右,氨氮转化率和总无机氮去除率分别急剧下降到53%和48.8%.在进水氨氮负荷为60g/(m³·d)时,最佳DO应控制在0.5～0.7mg/L,此时氨氮转化率达到90%以上.     

A strategy for the next decade to address data deficiency in neglected biodiversity

Measuring progress toward international biodiversity targets requires robust information on the conservation status of species, which the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species provides. However, data and capacity are lacking for most hyperdiverse groups, such as invertebrates, plants, and fungi, particularly in megadiverse or high-endemism regions. Conservation policies and biodiversity strategies aimed at halting biodiversity loss by 2020 need to be adapted to tackle these information shortfalls after 2020. We devised an 8-point strategy to close existing data gaps by reviving explorative field research on the distribution, abundance, and ecology of species; linking taxonomic research more closely with conservation; improving global biodiversity databases by making the submission of spatially explicit data mandatory for scientific publications; developing a global spatial database on threats to biodiversity to facilitate IUCN Red List assessments; automating preassessments by integrating distribution data and spatial threat data; building capacity in taxonomy, ecology, and biodiversity monitoring in countries with high species richness or endemism; creating species monitoring programs for lesser-known taxa; and developing sufficient funding mechanisms to reduce reliance on voluntary efforts. Implementing these strategies in the post-2020 biodiversity framework will help to overcome the lack of capacity and data regarding the conservation status of biodiversity. This will require a collaborative effort among scientists, policy makers, and conservation practitioners.     

The performance of nitrate-reducing Fe(II) oxidation processes under variable initial Fe/N ratios: The fate of nitrogen and iron species

•Bacterially-mediated coupled N and Fe processes examined in incubation experiments. •NO₃⁻ reduction was considerably inhibited as initial Fe/N ratio increased. •The maximum production of N₂ occurred at an initial Fe/N molar ratio of 6. •Fe minerals produced at Fe/N ratios of 1–2 were mainly easily reducible oxides. The Fe/N ratio is an important control on nitrate-reducing Fe(II) oxidation processes that occur both in the aquatic environment and in wastewater treatment systems. The response of nitrate reduction, Fe oxidation, and mineral production to different initial Fe/N molar ratios in the presence of Paracoccus denitrificans was investigated in 132 h incubation experiments. A decrease in the nitrate reduction rate at 12 h occurred as the Fe/N ratio increased. Accumulated nitrite concentration at Fe/N ratios of 2–10 peaked at 12–84 h, and then decreased continuously to less than 0.1 mmol/L at the end of incubation. N₂O emission was promoted by high Fe/N ratios. Maximum production of N₂ occurred at a Fe/N ratio of 6, in parallel with the highest mole proportion of N₂ resulting from the reduction of nitrate (81.2%). XRD analysis and sequential extraction demonstrated that the main Fe minerals obtained from Fe(II) oxidation were easily reducible oxides such as ferrihydrite (at Fe/N ratios of 1–2), and easily reducible oxides and reducible oxides (at Fe/N ratios of 3–10). The results suggest that Fe/N ratio potentially plays a critical role in regulating N₂, N₂O emissions and Fe mineral formation in nitrate-reducing Fe(II) oxidation processes.     

Evaluation of the technoeconomic feasibility of electrochemical hydrogen peroxide production for decentralized water treatment

• Gas diffusion electrode (GDE) is a suitable setup for practical water treatment. • Electrochemical H₂O₂ production is an economically competitive technology. • High current efficiency of H₂O₂ production was obtained with GDE at 5–400 mA/cm². • GDE maintained high stability for H₂O₂ production for ~1000 h. • Electro-generation of H₂O₂ enhances ibuprofen removal in an E-peroxone process. This study evaluated the feasibility of electrochemical hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) production with gas diffusion electrode (GDE) for decentralized water treatment. Carbon black-polytetrafluoroethylene GDEs were prepared and tested in a continuous flow electrochemical cell for H₂O₂ production from oxygen reduction. Results showed that because of the effective oxygen transfer in GDEs, the electrode maintained high apparent current efficiencies (ACEs,>80%) for H₂O₂ production over a wide current density range of 5–400 mA/cm², and H₂O₂ production rates as high as ~202 mg/h/cm² could be obtained. Long-term stability test showed that the GDE maintained high ACEs (>85%) and low energy consumption (<10 kWh/kg H₂O₂) for H₂O₂ production for 42 d (~1000 h). However, the ACEs then decreased to ~70% in the following 4 days because water flooding of GDE pores considerably impeded oxygen transport at the late stage of the trial. Based on an electrode lifetime of 46 days, the overall cost for H₂O₂ production was estimated to be ~0.88 $/kg H₂O₂, including an electricity cost of 0.61 $/kg and an electrode capital cost of 0.27 $/kg. With a 9 cm² GDE and 40 mA/cm² current density, ~2–4 mg/L of H₂O₂ could be produced on site for the electro-peroxone treatment of a 1.2 m³/d groundwater flow, which considerably enhanced ibuprofen abatement compared with ozonation alone (~43%–59% vs. 7%). These findings suggest that electrochemical H₂O₂ production with GDEs holds great promise for the development of compact treatment technologies for decentralized water treatment at a household and community level.     

城市建筑物抗震能力评估方法

由于建筑物震害预测方法只能估计建筑物的破坏而不能评定建筑物的抗震能力,基于对城市建筑物潜在破坏的估计,提出了城市建筑物抗震能力的评估方法。影响城市建筑物抗震能力的因素包括城市所处的地震危险性环境和城市建筑物的易损性。为了考虑地震危险性因素,进行了以地面峰值加速度(PGA)为参数的地震危险性分析,提出了我国不同地震危险性特征分区的PGA概率密度函数;为了考虑建筑物的易损性因素,采用HAZUS-MH中的静力弹塑性分析(push-over anal-ysis)方法研究群体建筑物易损性。通过对这两个因素的研究,建立了城市建筑物抗震能力评估方法,提出的相对全概率抗震能力指数可以反映城市建筑物在其所在的地震危险性环境下所具有的抗震能力,而采用绝对全概率抗震能力指数能够比较不同建筑抗震能力的差异,再结合建筑物抗震能力评估标准,可确定抗震能力水平。以晋江市抽样建筑物抗震能力评估为例,结合震害经验,论证了该方法的有效性。     

资源环境承载力研究方法综述

资源环境承载力是区域发展战略决策的基础,对指导区域可持续发展和服务国家战略需求具有重要意义。本文系统梳理了资源环境承载力评价从土地资源承载力向水资源承载力、环境承载力和生态承载力发展,再到近年来以土地开发强度为特征,以及基于供给能力的资源环境承载力评价兴起的历程。资源环境承载力评价从单一资源走向各类主要自然资源、环境要素及综合要素的承载力评价,研究方法不断完善。但目前资源环境承载力研究仍存在更多地关注承载的极限容量,对发展容量的关注不足;缺乏具有普适性、可推广的资源环境承载力评价理论及方法体系等问题,其研究仍面临严峻的挑战。未来资源环境承载力研究仍需在承载力从极限容量向发展容量转变,形成具有广泛指导意义的资源环境承载力评价方法体系,强化以空间开发利用为特征的资源环境承载力评价等方面的研究,以此深化资源环境承载力理论及实践应用研究,为区域可持续发展及服务国家战略提供支撑。     

首都国际机场飞机排放清单的建立

将基于标准起飞着陆（LTO）循环各阶段工作时间的飞机排放量计算方法加以改进,利用AMDAR资料计算飞机的有效排放高度,进而准确计算出基于逐架飞机的大气污染物排放总量.结果表明,首都国际机场2013年飞机NO_x、CO、HC、SO₂和PM_2.5排放总量分别为7042.1t、3189.9t、295.3t、429.4t和150.4t.与传统的基于LTO循环的方法相比,修正后的首都机场飞机NO_x、CO、HC和SO₂排放增加了23.5%、2.3%、2.1%和18.1%.飞机排放的CO、HC、SO₂和PM_2.5月变化较小,NO_x排放受飞机有效排放高度影响月波动较大.1～2月飞机污染物排放量处于全年最低水平,8月各污染物排放达到峰值.此外,飞机在爬升和滑行/慢车两种模式下污染物排放比例最大,分别占排放总量的37.7%与36.8%.     

降解和压缩作用下城市生活垃圾的持水量变化

在自制的城市生活垃圾降解-压缩-渗流仪中开展了5组持水量试验,分别研究不同温度和逐级递增应力条件下新鲜高厨余垃圾的持水量随时间的变化,新鲜高厨余、新鲜无厨余和基本降解垃圾的持水量随应力的变化.试验结果表明：在恒定应力条件下,新鲜高厨余垃圾的持水量随时间呈指数下降,即MRC=a-b（1-exp（-ct^d））;在应力10kPa和室温（0～27℃）条件下,持水量下降较慢（c=0.003,d=1.18）;在应力10kPa和恒温（40±3℃）条件下,持水量下降较快（c=0.173,d=0.601）;应力从50kPa逐级递增至100kPa、200kPa和400kPa后,持水量分别瞬时下降3.0%、2.3%和1.9%;新鲜高厨余、新鲜无厨余和基本降解垃圾的持水量均随应力的对数呈线性下降,即MRC=m-n×lg（σ）;当应力从10kPa增大至400kPa时,新鲜高厨余、基本降解和新鲜无厨余垃圾的持水量分别从63.0%、46.5%和37.9%下降至46.0%、35.3%和30.4%.通过对比分析国内外持水量试验结果,揭示了在相同应力条件下新鲜垃圾持水量随厨余含量的增加而增大、不同组分老垃圾持水量基本相同的规律.分析了生化降解和应力压缩对新鲜高厨余垃圾持水量的影响机理,并提出了增大新鲜高厨余垃圾脱水速率和脱水量的工程建议.     

西南山区资源环境承载力评价及协调发展分析——以云南省德宏州为例

资源环境承载力评价是区域资源开发利用与经济发展战略决策及其规划的基础依据。当前学界对此进行了大量评价研究,评价指标方面尽管数量众多,但往往对资源环境内涵和制约因子考虑较少或者不够全面,指标与国土规划（或区域规划）衔接较少,同时其指标处理上常常只是简单地对系统做黑箱处理,缺乏对两个系统内部作用机制、协调发展状况的研究。论文以地处我国西南边疆山区的云南省德宏州为例,对德宏州及所辖5个县（市）资源环境承载力进行评价,并对资源环境承载力9个子系统的作用机制和协调发展状况进行评价分析。结果表明：1）德宏州资源环境承载力的区域差异较大,芒市、盈江县和陇川县为高等承载力,瑞丽市为中等承载力,梁河县为低等承载力,具体而言资源承载力大小排序为芒市>盈江县>陇川县>瑞丽市>梁河县,环境承载力大小排序为芒市>盈江县>陇川县>瑞丽市>梁河县;2）限制性分析结果显示,瑞丽市为耕地-矿产资源限制型,芒市和陇川县为矿产-地质环境限制型,梁河县为耕地-城镇建设限制型,盈江县为水环境-地质环境限制型;3）资源环境系统存在较大耦合关系,尤其是城镇建设用地系统与地质环境系统、森林资源系统与大气环境系统、水资源系统与水环境系统、矿产资源系统与大气环境系统等协调度均大于0.96,且各县（市）资源环境子系统间的协调度均高于0.98。     

气候变化对土壤微生物多样性及其功能的影响

以同时模拟未来大气CO₂浓度和温度升高的田间开放式气候变化平台为依托,研究CO₂浓度升高（CE）、升温（WA）以及两者同时升高（CW）对麦田土壤基础呼吸和微生物丰度、群落结构的影响.结果表明：CE对土壤基础呼吸没有影响,但是WA显著提高了土壤基础呼吸,在抽穗和成熟期分别增加了51.6%和38.5%.在分蘖期,土壤细菌和真菌丰度没有显著变化;而在抽穗和成熟期,CW和WA处理显著降低了真菌丰度,降低幅度分别达到32.1%~50.2%和32.0%~37.4%.通过对T-RFLP数据分析发现,CE、CW和WA处理对麦田土壤真菌和细菌群落结构没有显著影响,但是在一定程度上改变了古菌群落结构.与对照相比,CE处理真菌多样性提高了7.1%~8.2%,CW和WA处理真菌多样性分别降低了5.3%~13.5%和22.1%~33.6%;在分蘖和抽穗期,CE、CW和WA处理土壤细菌多样性比对照显著提高.