降水过量氘指示的北极冬季海冰消融及水汽变化

在全球变暖背景下,持续减少的海冰正在通过降水和蒸发改变着北极水循环。降水同位素及其过量氘参数（d）作为水循环示踪剂对北极水文气候变化研究具有重要帮助,但由于观测资料匮乏,目前有关北极水循环的同位素示踪研究鲜有报道。本文以冬季海冰主要消融区——巴伦支—格陵兰海（BGS）为例,调查了BGS冬季降水d值与海冰和大气环流的关系。结果表明：BGS降水d值与海冰范围呈显著正相关,而与巴伦支—喀拉海（BKS）反气旋指数呈显著负相关。BGS降水d主要受海冰变化导致的局地蒸发控制,当海冰减少时,局地蒸发水汽增加,贡献了更多低d的降水。增强的BKS反气旋通过绝热下沉增温和向极的水热输送,加强了BGS海冰消融与局地蒸发,降低了降水d值;而较低纬地区输送水汽以高的d值为特征,其对BGS降水的直接贡献有限。该项研究从同位素的视角厘清了局地蒸发与较低纬地区水汽输送对北极降水的相对重要性,不仅有助于理解海冰减少对北极水循环的影响,也对北极古气候重建具有重要启示。     

Observation of atmospheric nitrous acid with DOAS in Beijing, China

Measurements of nitrous acid （HONO） and nitrogen dioxide （NO2） in Beijing City have been performed by means of a developed differential optical absorption spectroscopy （DOAS） system based on photodiode array （PDA）, during the autumn of 2004. HONO and NO2 were simultaneously identified by their characteristic absorption bands in the spectral region between 337 nm and 372 nm with high sensibility and time resolution. The concentrations of HONO exhibit obviously diurnal variation with a nocturnal maximum and a daytime minimum. The highest HONO value up to 11.8 μg/m^3 was observed during the night of 2/3 September. Possible sources of the observed HONO were discussed. Good correlation to NO2 indicates that NO2 is a main source component. The measurement also shows direct emission of HONO is an imnortant source in strongly polluted urban area.     

Investigation on Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd fractions in the natural surface coating samples and surficial sediments in the Songhua River, China

Natural surface coating samples （NSCSs） from the surface of shingles and surficial sediments （SSs） in the Songhua River, China were employed to investigate the relationship between NSCSs and SSs in fractions of heavy metals （Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd） using the modified sequential extraction procedure （MSEP）. The results show that the differences between NSCSs and SSs in Fe fi＇actions were insignificant and Fe was dominantly present as residual phase （76.22% for NSCSs and 80.88% for SSs） and Fe-oxides phase （20.33% for NSCSs and 16.15% for SSs）. Significant variation of Mn distribution patterns between NSCSs and SSs was observed with Mn in NSCSs mainly present in Mn-oxides phase （48.27%） and that in SSs present as residual phase （45.44%）. Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd were found dominantly in residual fractions （〉48%）, and next in solid oxides/hydroxides for Zn, Pb and Cd and in easily oxidizable solids/compounds form for Cu, respectively. The heavy metal distribution patterns implied that Fe/Mn oxides both in NSCSs and SSs were more important sinks for binding and adsorption of Zn, Pb and Cd than organic matter （OM）, and inversely, higher affinity of Cu to OM than Fe/Mn oxides in NSCSs and SSs was obtained. Meanwhile, it was found that the distributions of heavy metals in NSCSs and SSs were similar to each other and the pseudo-total concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd in NSCSs were greater than those in SSs, highlighting the more importance for NSCSs than SSs in controlling behaviours of heavy metals in aquatic environments.     

呼吸效应对矿井封闭火区氧浓度的影响分析

为避免因火区封闭导致重大安全事故发生,通过采集某矿井1 d内3个不同监测点的大气压力变化情况,建立大气压力波动模型并分析计算,同时建立火区内外压差100,750 Pa情形下的氧浓度模型进而获得火区内侧氧气浓度因呼吸效应,在不同压差、体积大小火区、风阻、瓦斯涌出量、封闭时刻等多因素耦合影响下随时间的变化规律,以评估火区危险性。研究结果表明:井下大气随地面大气周期波动,封闭火区内、外侧之间的气压差因外界大气波动呈现16 h的余弦波动和8 h的线性波动周期变化;密闭质量好的火区具有更好地抗干扰性,内侧氧浓度的降低主要依靠瓦斯稀释;密闭质量差的火区,内侧氧浓度易受到火区涌出瓦斯、外界涌入大气双重影响;火区氧浓度在2%~12%之间波动,以至火区存在发生瓦斯爆炸的可能性;火区内外压差较大时,氧浓度波动变化幅度更大,危险作用持续时间更长。结合火区氧浓度波动模型,可有效地对矿井火区采取安全的防范措施,避免瓦斯爆炸事故发生。     

Environmental forensic investigation of the air pollution from a cement manufacturing unit

Abstract

Cement manufacturing is a process that results in the emission of significant quantities of suspended particulate matter (SPM) to the ambient air. An environmental forensic investigation was carried out in the surroundings of a major cement manufacturing unit at a place called Coimbatore in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The investigation was carried out to identify the contribution of the cement manufacturing unit to the SPM concentration of the surrounding air environment. The sampling points’ selection and sample collection were done following the principles outlined in the INTERPOL Manual for Pollution Crime Forensic Investigation. On-site monitoring of the air samples was carried out using Mini Laser Aerosol Spectrometer (GRIMM, Mini-LAS Model 11R). The instrument was capable of measuring particles ranging from 0.25 to 32 µm and classifying them into 31 size channels. The test results at majority of the monitoring locations were well above the limits specified in the National Ambient Air Quality Standards of India. Microscopic studies of the dust samples were carried out for surface texture and particle shape. The spatial distribution of particles was analysed using geographic information system (GIS) for the visual identification of the extent of the pollution by keeping the cement factory as the focal point. The results from the GIS and microscopic analysis established the role of the cement factory in the particulate matter pollution of its surroundings, specifically in the areas North-West of the factory. The successfully adopted procedure can serve as a guideline for the environmental forensic investigation of similar pollution incidences.     

A new approach to Assess Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition by Way of Standardized Exposition of mosses

A standardized method of moss exposition for assessing variations in nitrogen deposition was tested in the western part of Germany. Six pleurocarpous moss species were transplanted to two sites differing in their deposition rates but being comparable as to their climatic conditions. The mosses were exposed in standardized containers over a period of 12 months; the focus of interest was the effect of N deposition on nitrogen content and on ¹⁵N natural abundance (δ¹⁵N-values). Within the first nine months only trends could be observed. However, after one year all species tested showed significantly higher N concentrations at the highly polluted site. Besides, more negative δ¹⁵N-values possibly reflecting the higher ammonium input were detected at this site. Surprisingly, most of the plants though being kept in plastic containers without a favourable substratum did not show any conspicuous deficiency symptoms. The potential advantages of a standardized moss exposition for N monitoring purposes are discussed. It is concluded that the method presented here can yield significant results in particular if the number of testing sites is increased.     

我国大气腐蚀研究进展(续2)

总结了近几年来我国在大气腐蚀方面的研究现状和进展,尤其是国产、常用、量大、面广的 4大类材料在我国9类主要典型大气环境下的腐蚀数据积累;各类典型材料在典型环境下的大气腐蚀行为规律:大气环境因素对材料大气腐蚀的影响;碳钢、低合金钢大气腐蚀行为预测。特别是根据8 年试验结果总结出的大气腐蚀速度与试验时间之间具有幂函数关系的基础上,又进一步建立了腐蚀速度与合金元素之间的数学模型关系:探讨了采用ACM技术评估大气腐蚀严酷性;初步建立了大气腐蚀数据库．并正进一步采用计算机发展网络查询服务系统,实现科学数据共享;经20余年之研究,撰写了并出版中国材料自然环境腐蚀专著中大气腐蚀篇,还研制和生产了经济耐候钢。     

铜的大气腐蚀研究

综述了各种因素对铜大气腐蚀的影响,其中介绍了单一气体SO2、NOx、O3及混合气体协同作用对铜大气腐蚀的影响。在铜腐蚀中,SO2 NO2的协同效应只有在一个相对高的湿度(90%)下才发生。SO2 O3的协同效应要强于SO2 NO2的协同效应,这可以解释为什么铜在富含O3的乡村环境中有高的腐蚀率。重点阐述了硫酸铵微粒的影响,在硫酸铵的临界相对湿度(CRH)时,铜的腐蚀率和机制变化很显著;同时介绍了铜的几种腐蚀产物及其形成机制。简述了研究铜大气腐蚀的常用实验方法和几种表征手段,并展望了铜大气腐蚀的研究趋势。     

装甲钢自然环境试验与人工加速试验的相关性

对某型装甲钢在酸雨大气环境下自然暴露与人工模拟加速试验的相关性进行了研究。利用腐蚀机理对比、Spearman秩相关系数、灰色关联度、加速转换因子等方法进行了相关性的定性定量评价。评价结果表明模拟加速试验与自然环境暴露试验有较好相关性。     

TA15钛合金与铝合金和结构钢接触腐蚀大气暴露试验研究

讨论了TA15钛合金与铝合金和结构钢接触后,在海南万宁大气试验站大气暴露的试验结果。3年的大气暴露试验显示,在海洋性大气环境下,2B06铝合金、16CrSiN i钢和30CrMnSiA钢无论与TA15钛合金接触与否,腐蚀都很严重,力学性能明显下降;对2B06铝合金进行阳极氧化,对16CrSiN i钢和30CrMnSiA钢进行氯化铵镀镉,可在一定程度上减缓腐蚀,但经过一定时间大气暴露,无论与TA15钛合金接触与否,都产生了严重腐蚀,力学性能明显下降;对2B06铝合金进行阳极氧化,对16CrSiN i钢和30CrMnSiA钢进行氯化铵镀镉,再喷涂1号航空底漆进行防护,可有效防止接触腐蚀。