Evaluating weather effects on interannual variation in net ecosystem productivity of a coastal temperate forest landscape: A model intercomparison

Forest productivity is strongly affected by seasonal weather patterns and by natural or anthropogenic disturbances. However weather effects on forest productivity are not currently represented in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3 used in national forest C accounting programs. To evaluate different approaches to modelling these effects, a model intercomparison was conducted among CBM-CFS3 and four process models (ecosys, CN-CLASS, Can-IBIS and 3PG) over a 2500 ha landscape in the Oyster River (OR) area of British Columbia, Canada. The process models used local weather data to simulate net primary productivity (NPP), net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and net biome productivity (NBP) from 1920 to 2005. Other inputs used by the process and inventory models were generated from soil, land cover and disturbance records. During a period of intense disturbance from 1928 to 1943, simulated NBP diverged considerably among the models. This divergence was attributed to differences among models in the sizes of detrital and humus C stocks in different soil layers to which a uniform set of soil C transformation coefficients was applied during disturbances. After the disturbance period, divergence in modelled NBP among models was much smaller, and attributed mainly to differences in simulated NPP caused by different approaches to modelling weather effects on productivity. In spite of these differences, age-detrended variation in annual NPP and NEP of closed canopy forest stands was negatively correlated with mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September (T_amax) in all process models (R² = 0.4-0.6), indicating that these correlations were robust. The negative correlation between T_amax and NEP was attributed to different processes in different models, which were tested by comparing CO₂ fluxes from these models with those measured by eddy covariance (EC) under contrasting air temperatures (T_a). The general agreement in sensitivity of annual NPP to T_amax among the process models led to the development of a generalized algorithm for weather effects on NPP of coastal temperate coniferous forests for use in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3: NPP′ = NPP − 57.1 (T_amax − 18.6), where NPP and NPP′ are the current and temperature-adjusted annual NPP estimates from the inventory-based model, 18.6 is the long-term mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September, and T_amax is the mean value for the current year. Our analysis indicated that the sensitivity of NPP to T_amax was nonlinear, so that this algorithm should not be extrapolated beyond the conditions of this study. However the process-based methodology to estimate weather effects on NPP and NEP developed in this study is widely applicable to other forest types and may be adopted for other inventory based forest carbon cycle models.     

京津冀大气污染变化规律及其与植被指数相关性分析

基于2017年逐时空气质量监测数据、归一化植被指数（NDVI）16 d合成数据以及社会经济数据,对京津冀大气污染特征进行了系统分析,并利用线性回归、地理加权回归模型等探讨了其变化规律与NDVI的关系,及其受社会经济因素的影响.结果表明：①京津冀地区大气污染整体表现为南高北低、平原高山区低的分布特征,由北向南递次升高,大气污染呈现出显著的空间异质性;②从季节变化看,呈现冬季 > 秋季 > 春季 > 夏季的总体规律,京津冀地区大气污染呈现出显著的时间异质性;③SO₂、NO₂、CO、PM_2.5、PM₁₀等污染物浓度均与NDVI值呈负相关关系;在气候、地形等自然条件较为一致的前提下,NDVI值越低人类活动干扰越明显、产业经济布局越集中,进而污染排放量越大,对空气质量产生显著负面影响;④NDVI指数一定程度上反映了土地利用、人口分布以及产业布局状况,而这些因素直接或间接决定着大气污染排放水平,进而能够指示区域的污染分布特征;⑤地理加权回归模型（GWR）计算结果表明,经济发展水平越高的地区NDVI与社会经济因子、PM_2.5等污染物浓度相关性越好.NDVI的分布可以大体反映社会经济发展水平.对PM_2.5的分布也有一定的指示作用.     

异戊二烯和甲苯二次有机示踪物的臭氧非均相氧化

本文基于相对速率法,通过烟雾箱实验测定了异戊二烯和甲苯二次有机示踪物的臭氧非均相氧化的有效速率常数,考察了不同条件(相对湿度和混合状态等)对示踪物臭氧非均相氧化过程的影响,并且分析了由于示踪物被氧化所引起的二次源解析的不确定性.结果表明,赤藓糖醇(analogue of 2-methyl erythritol,AME)和2,3-二羟基-4-氧代戊酸(2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid,DHOPA)的有效速率常数分别为(4. 60±0. 66)×10-19cm~3·(molecule·s)~(-1)和(6. 57±0. 51)×10-19cm~3·(molecule·s)~(-1);考虑到示踪物不稳定引起的不确定性,采用示踪物产率法解析二次源会对异戊二烯和甲苯二次生成气溶胶低估约16. 5%～44. 8%和18. 3%～47. 3%.     

基于高山湖泊沉积记录的贵州北部大气重金属污染历史重建

大气重金属污染是全球面临的主要环境问题之一,受监测资料的局限,目前我国在大气重金属污染的历史过程及其对偏远地区地表环境的影响方面的研究还较为薄弱.通过对贵州北部梵净山顶沉积物中金属元素含量和Pb同位素的分析,研究了近400年来Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn等大气污染的历史过程.公元约1800年之前,沉积物中金属元素含量较为稳定; 1800年以来,Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn等含量总体呈先增加后降低的趋势;而Cd、Hg和Pb含量逐渐增加.富集系数与207Pb/206Pb结果表明,Cd、Pb和Hg是典型的大气污染元素; Hg污染开始于公元1880年前后,Cd和Pb污染开始于20世纪50年代,近年来污染程度均逐渐加重.沉积记录反映的贵州北部梵净山地区目前大气Hg污染水平与我国东部其他远离人类活动直接影响的地区相当,但远高于欧美及青藏高原等地区;不同地区间Cd与Pb污染水平具有较大的差异.梵净山地区大气Hg污染可能受到全球和区域污染排放的共同影响,Cd和Pb污染主要来自于区域有色金属冶炼及燃煤等释放.     

Experimental study on gas explosion and venting process in interconnected vessels

A pilot scale interconnected vessels experiment system was established, and the closed and vented gas explosion characteristics in the system were studied, using 10% methane–air mixture. Regularity of pressure variation in vessels and flame propagation in linked pipes was analyzed. Furthermore, the effects of transmission style, ignition position, pipe length, and initial pressure on explosion severity were discussed. For the closed explosion: explosion in interconnected vessels presents strongly destructive power to secondary vessel, especially transmission from the big vessel to the small one; the worst ignition position is shifting from ignition in the interconnected pipe to the walls of the two vessels; as far as ignition in big vessel is concerned, the peak pressure in secondary vessel increases with the pipe length much faster than that for ignition in small vessel; the peak pressures in two vessels are approximate linear functions of initial pressure. For the vented explosion: the transmission style and interconnected pipe length have significant impacts on the effect of venting on the protection; in order to obtain the better venting effect, the use of a divergent interconnected pipe from the big vessel to the small one in industry is advised and it is necessary to reduce the interconnected pipe length as far as possible or install flame arrester in the interconnected pipe.     

Explosibility of micron- and nano-size titanium powders

Explosibility of micron- and nano-titanium was determined and compared according to explosion severity and likelihood using standard dust explosion equipment. ASTM methods were followed using a Siwek 20-L explosion chamber, MIKE 3 apparatus and BAM oven. The explosibility parameters investigated for both size ranges of titanium include explosion severity (maximum explosion pressure (P_max) and size-normalized maximum rate of pressure rise (K_St)) and explosion likelihood (minimum explosible concentration (MEC), minimum ignition energy (MIE) and minimum ignition temperature (MIT)). Titanium particle sizes were ?100 mesh (<150 μm), ?325 mesh (<45 μm), ≤20 μm, 150 nm, 60–80 nm, and 40–60 nm. The results show a significant increase in explosion severity as the particle size decreases from ?100 mesh with an apparent plateau being reached at ?325 mesh and ≤20 μm. Micron-size explosion severity could not be compared with that for nano-titanium due to pre-ignition of the nano-powder in the 20-L chamber. The likelihood of an explosion increases significantly as the particle size decreases into the nano range. Nano-titanium is very sensitive and can self-ignite under the appropriate conditions. The explosive properties of the nano-titanium can be suppressed by adding nano-titanium dioxide to the dust mixture. Safety precautions and procedures for the nano-titanium are also discussed.     

Pressure Sensitive Mats as Safety Devices in Danger Zones

Developing prototypes of pressure sensitive mats and testing their practical application were the aims of this study. Two contact plate mats were designed and constructed: rubber-rubber (R) and metal-metal (M). A recipe for rubber mixes and the production technology were prepared. Two laboratory test stands for measuring the actuating force, response time, static pressure resistance, and the durability of the mats were constructed. Computer software was written to control the operation of those test stands. Methods of testing pressure sensitive mats were based on PrDIN 31 006 (Deutsches Institut fur Normung [DIN], 1990) and EN 1760–1 (Comite Europeen de Normalisation [CEN], 1997). Both prototypes of contact plate mats were tested under laboratory and industrial conditions.

The test results proved that the design was correct, the setup requirements were fulfilled, and the mats were efficient and reliable in the industrial environment.     

Mental Workload and Health: A Latent Threat

The aim of this study is to investigate changes in cardiovascular activity associated with a high mental workload. The reported experiments, carried out in naturalistic settings, point to information load and information processing under time pressure as main risk factors. This kind of occupational stress had to be dealt with by two of the three groups under investigation: brokers and simultaneous interpreters; it was not experienced by lecturing university professors. The pattern of cardiovascular activity of the two former groups consisted of overmobilization of cardiovascular activity at the beginning of work, and only partial normalization of task-evoked changes in cardiovascular activity at the end of work. Substantial elevations of diastolic blood pressure and tachycardia, which followed earlier overmobilization, resemble a miniature copy of changes seen in the development of cardiovascular diseases.     

贵州井下煤层爆破地震波特征及其影响

贵州省煤层赋存条件差,煤矿地质条件复杂。由于煤矿井下爆破采掘适应性强、初期投资小等特点,适应于地质条件复杂、断层多的源赋存复杂条件的中小型煤矿,因此目前贵州煤矿井下煤层采掘多采用爆破作业方式。但井下煤层爆破作业易引发煤尘、瓦斯爆炸、煤与瓦斯突出等矿山灾害,因此研究煤矿井下爆破规律及其对煤矿各方面安全的影响是十分必要和迫切的。通过比较选用小波包分析方法,对现场实验的井下煤层爆破地震波信号进行分析,得出其能量、频率等特征,并分析了其对前方煤体瓦斯抽放量及瓦斯压力的影响规律。     

油气管线带压不停输封堵技术在长庆油田的应用

长庆油田通过对管道不停输带压封堵施工技术的探索,在改扩建工程施工中取得了良好的效果。实践证明,与常规施工方法相比可有效缩短维护抢修作业工期20%～30%。它在油气田风险管理、事故预防、环境污染治理方面是积极安全有效的。