Influence of phytoplankton on complexing capacity of seawater†

Differential Pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (DPASV) was employed to measure Apparent Copper Complexing Capacity (L_t) and Stability Constants (K_s) of related cupric complexes of cell exudates of the phytoplanktonic alga Dunaliella salina. Three natural seawater samples collected 0.1, 2, 5 miles off the Tyrrhenian coast were used as culture medium. The measurements were carried out 1h and 7 days after the inoculum. Furthermore, on one culture the medium was passed through C₁₈‐SEP‐PAK cartridges in order to separate the cell exudates. The results show that Dunaliella salina influences the value of L_t but does not affect the value of K_s . The C₁₈SEP‐PAK retain only 50% of the ligands produced by the cells and capable of complexing copper.     

Directions for hazardous waste storage and final disposal of treated hazardous waste (THW) in Austria

Austria produces about 700,000 tons of hazardous waste a year. Approximately 8% are sent to the incinerating facility EBS near Vienna. Approximately 60% THW (treated hazardous wastes) are finally disposed of. An unknown amount is sent to foreign countries for storage and landfilling.

By order of the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Public Health our institute elaborates guidelines for designing and operating final disposal hazardous waste facilities.

This paper deals with the fundamental aspects and the present state of these guidelines.     

1980—2007年我国燃煤大气汞、铅、砷排放趋势分析

基于文献调研,对1980—2007年我国汞、铅、砷3种主要燃煤大气重金属排放清单进行归纳,计算了3种重金属的逐年平均排放量,并分析排放量与燃煤量的相关性、单位煤耗大气重金属污染物排放量的变化趋势及原因. 结果表明:1980—2007年我国燃煤大气汞、铅、砷排放量与燃煤量增长趋势基本一致,均呈显著正相关(R2分别为0.911、0.971、0.996),但燃煤大气汞排放量与燃煤量间的相关性却比铅、砷排放量与燃煤量的相关性小很多,这主要是燃煤电厂对汞协同脱除能力比对铅、砷强,以及电厂汞排放所占比例较大所致. 燃煤大气汞排放量在2005年后趋于稳定,而铅、砷排放量在2000年后快速增长,年均增速均超过10%,其中电厂和工业锅炉是重金属排放的重点行业. 在燃煤量不断增长的背景下,单位煤耗的大气汞、铅排放量均呈下降趋势,其中汞排放量在2005—2007年年均降低5.0%,铅排放量在1996—2007年年均降低1.7%. 这与我国主要燃煤行业除尘、脱硫、脱硝等大气污染控制装置对重金属的协同脱除能力不断增强有密切关系.      

中国服务业能源消费CO2排放及其因素分解

基于IPCC温室气体排放清单指南中的CO₂排放因子与核算方法,估算了1995—2010年中国服务业能源消费与CO₂排放量,并对其总体变化趋势进行时间序列分析;以LMDI(对数平均迪氏指数)法辨识与分解3个时段(1995—2000年、2000—2005年和2005—2010年)中影响中国服务业CO₂排放量变动的关键因素及其对CO₂排放量的贡献值. 结果表明:1995—2010年中国服务业能源消费CO₂排放量增长态势明显,累计排放总量为853197.55×104t;服务业能源消费主要依赖于高碳化能源燃料,各年度油品和煤品分别占能源消费总量的67%~74%和5%~27%;LMDI分析结果显示,1995—2010年产业规模和人口效应引起CO₂排放增加量分别为133357.10×104和7691.25×104t,能源效率和能源结构引起CO₂排放减少量分别为59034.50×104和23898.60×104t. 提出CO₂减排对策:①以经济、政策和监管手段促进服务业节能减排;②依托科技创新提高能源综合利用效率,降低服务业CO₂排放量.      

喀斯特石漠化山区苔藓多样性及水土保持研究

喀斯特石漠化已成为制约我国西南地区可持续发展的重要生态环境问题. 以云南芝云洞山区苔藓植物为研究对象,于2012年1月进行调查和样地设置,共采集样品75份,采用经典形态分类法进行鉴定,分析苔藓多样性及其对水土保持的贡献. 结果表明:苔藓植物有11科25属53种;苔藓植物种数为无石漠化区(34)＞轻度石漠化区(14)＞中度石漠化区(12)＞强度石漠化区(7),丰富度指数也为无石漠化区(2.8748)＞轻度石漠化区(0.1941)＞中度石漠化区(-1.1767)＞强度石漠化区(-1.8923). 石漠化区苔藓植物相似性指数相差较小,其中强度石漠化区与中度石漠化区的相似性指数为0.3750,强度石漠化区与轻度石漠化区为0.3077,中度石漠化区与轻度石漠化区为0.3846;而石漠化区与无石漠化区相似性指数相差较大,其中无石漠化区与强度和轻度石漠化区的相似性指数分别为0.0714和0.0952. 强度、中度和轻度石漠化区与无石漠化区均匀度指数分别为0.5900、0.5133、0.4899和0.6107. 6种优势苔藓植物(长叶纽藓、卷叶湿地藓、东亚小石藓、黑扭口藓、卵叶青藓和狭叶湿地藓)的生物量、成土量和饱和吸水量分别在0.962~9.546、1.294~40.181、8.890~82.571g/m2之间,表明可以将苔藓植物作为该类地区的先锋植物.      

大气颗粒物吸湿性研究

大气颗粒物吸湿性是反映颗粒物理化性质的重要指标,吸湿性研究对深入了解颗粒物的环境和健康效应具有重要意义. 总结了国外近年来大气颗粒物吸湿性研究进展:①典型的大气颗粒物吸湿性分析方法为H-TDMA(吸湿性串联差分电迁移率粒径分析仪)系统及其优化方法. ②大气颗粒物吸湿性呈单峰、双峰甚至多峰分布;根据G_f(吸湿性生长因子)随粒径变化的模式,可将大气颗粒物分为强吸湿性和弱吸湿性2类,也可分为纯不溶性、混合不溶性、混合可溶性和纯可溶性4类. ③城市背景点颗粒物的G_f比城市观测点高;城市观测点的颗粒物G_f分布呈夏季高、冬季低,白天高、晚上低的特征. ④颗粒物吸湿性与其化学组成和形态密切相关,纯可溶性盐颗粒物的G_f通常较高. ⑤柴油燃烧源新排放的颗粒物属于弱吸湿性颗粒物,G_f非常小,但在其表面老化后或随燃料中硫含量的增加G_f会明显变大. ⑥生物质燃烧排放颗粒物的G_f相对较高,但存在区域差异性. 针对国内大气颗粒物吸湿性研究现状,提出了未来重点研究方向.      

我国空气质量健康指数的初步研究

收集我国16个城市2001~2010年每日PM10、SO2和NO2浓度和居民日死亡数,采用经典的时间序列研究方法和贝叶斯层次模型,分析在全国水平上各污染物与居民每日总死亡率的暴露反应关系,据此构建我国空气质量健康指数(AQHI).比较AQHI与现行空气污染指数(API)和空气质量指数(AQI)预测居民日死亡率的能力.结果显示,AQHI的构建公式为:AQHI=10/16.4×100×[exp(0.00019×PM10)-1+exp (0.00061×NO2)-1].AQHI预测居民每日总死亡率、心血管疾病死亡率和呼吸系统疾病死亡率的强度和精确度均优于现行的API与AQI.     

The Precautionary Principle and the Prevention of Marine Pollution

This paper argues that the environmental changes witnessed in the past decade call for a new approach to environmental management; an approach based not on the principle of the assimilative capacity of the environment but on the precautionary principle, and the emerging preventive environmental paradigm. Uncertainties in scientific knowledge and complexities in ecological systems have presented specific failures of the assimilative capacity methodology. It is argued that these failures are not circumstantial in nature, nor are they the result of misapplication of science by scientists. Rather, they represent inherent problems in the use of the assimilative capacity concept in environmental management. The emergence of the precautionary principle is discussed and a formulation of the principle is presented. In conjunction with the operational approach of clean production, we believe that this principle offers a sounder basis for the prevention of marine pollution in the next decade.     

Spatial distribution of copper in relation to recreational boating in a California shallow-water basin

The overall effect of the number of boats on the copper (Cu) levels in the water column and sediment, along with their spatial variability within Shelter Island Yacht Basin (SIYB), San Diego Bay, California was examined. We identified a horizontal gradient of increasing dissolved Cu and Cu in sediment from outside to the head of SIYB which was coincident with the increasing number of boats. Spatial models of Cu distribution in water and sediment indicated the presence of ‘hotspots’ of Cu concentration. From outside to the head of SIYB, dissolved Cu ranged from 1.3 μ g L^?1 to 14.6 μ g L^?1 in surface water, and 2.0 μ g L^?1 to 10.2 μ g L^?1 in bottom water. Cu in sediment exceeded the Effect Range Low of 34 mg kg^?1 (i.e. where adverse effects to fauna may occur), with a peak concentration of 442 mg kg^?1 at the head of the basin. Free Cu⁺⁺ in surface water was several orders of magnitude higher than in sediment porewater. High-resolution data of Cu species together with probability maps presented in this paper will allow managers to easily visualise and localise areas of impaired quality and to prioritise which areas should be targeted to improve Cu-related conditions.