基于“两型社会”的武汉城市圈土地集约利用评价

以获批全国"两型社会"建设综合配套改革试验区的武汉城市圈为研究对象,以"资源节约和环境保护"为目标,综合考虑土地集约利用的环境、社会、经济效应,阐述了土地集约利用的内涵,依据投入-产出等理论,构建了武汉城市圈土地集约利用评价体系,利用数据包络分析(简称DEA)法,对武汉城市圈土地集约利用进行了评价。研究结果表明:①武汉城市圈中仅有武汉、仙桃、天门三个城市是DEA有效的,DEA无效的6个城市DEA有效性从高到低分别是为黄冈、孝感、潜江、咸宁、鄂州、黄石;②影响武汉城市圈中城市DEA无效的因素是多样的,但主要集中在固定资产投资和单位GDP能耗等投入过多,GDP、社会商品销售额、财政收入、就业人员、生活垃圾处理率等产出率低。文章根据评价结果结合实际情况分析并指出了武汉城市圈发展过程中出现的土地利用问题,进而探讨"两型社会"框架下武汉城市圈应如何集约利用土地,优化配置土地资源,以实现"资源节约和环境保护"的目标。     

对节约型社会的几点思考

建设节约型社会是实现我国经济社会可持续发展的必然选择。建立节约型社会需要发挥政府、企业、个人三方面的作用，需要提高全民节约意识，树立科学发展观，进行体制、政策创新及推进技术进步。     

体育运动对提高大学生社会适应能力的作用

体育运动的社会特性毋庸置疑是提高人的社会健康水平，同时，人在体育运动时，既要定位与合作，又存在相互竞争的现象。这对提高大学生的社会适应能力具有一定的积极意义。     

Mining amid decentralization. Local governments and mining in the Philippines

In recent years, as part of its neoliberal development paradigm, the Government of the Philippines has engaged in efforts to encourage extraction of the nation's mineral resources. The Philippines is also a country where decentralization has devolved substantial powers to local governments. Concern over potentially adverse environmental effects has led to opposition to mining by some local governments in the Philippines. This opposition has led to the withholding of consent to mining projects by local governments and, in some cases, the implementation of moratoriums banning mining. Central to this opposition have been the activities of civil society groups, and their collaboration with local governments. This collaboration has involved the drafting of legislation prohibiting mining and support of candidates for office who are opposed to mining. Collectively, Filipino local governments and civil society groups are examples of the concept of governance, a dispersed process wherein society manages itself for the betterment of all its members. For mining companies seeking to implement projects, it is no longer sufficient to have the consent of the national Government — that of local governance forces must also be considered.     

构筑可持续发展的循环型社会体系

可持续发展社会的形成并不仅指单纯的物质循环,而是用生态学原理来调和社会和经济的发展,使社会·经济·环境都达成持续的生态平衡。通过论述日本循环型社会形成基本法等相关法律体系,分析了面向循环型经济社会建设的产业体系的发展方向,通过区域性循环社会的实践阐述了从循环型经济社会向可持续发展社会转变的重要意义。     

Clarifying values,risk perceptions,and attitudes to resolve or avoid social conflicts in invasive species management

Decision makers and researchers recognize the need to effectively confront the social dimensions and conflicts inherent to invasive species research and management. Yet, despite numerous contentious situations that have arisen, no systematic evaluation of the literature has examined the commonalities in the patterns and types of these emergent social issues. Using social and ecological keywords, we reviewed trends in the social dimensions of invasive species research and management and the sources and potential solutions to problems and conflicts that arise around invasive species. We integrated components of cognitive hierarchy theory and risk perceptions theory to provide a conceptual framework to identify, distinguish, and provide understanding of the driving factors underlying disputes associated with invasive species. In the ISI Web of Science database, we found 15,915 peer‐reviewed publications on biological invasions, 124 of which included social dimensions of this phenomenon. Of these 124, 28 studies described specific contentious situations. Social approaches to biological invasions have emerged largely in the last decade and have focused on both environmental social sciences and resource management. Despite being distributed in a range of journals, these 124 articles were concentrated mostly in ecology and conservation‐oriented outlets. We found that conflicts surrounding invasive species arose based largely on differences in value systems and to a lesser extent stakeholder and decision maker's risk perceptions. To confront or avoid such situations, we suggest integrating the plurality of environmental values into invasive species research and management via structured decision making techniques, which enhance effective risk communication that promotes trust and confidence between stakeholders and decision makers. Clarificar los Valores, Percepciones de Riesgo y Actitudes para Resolver o Evitar Conflictos Sociales en el Manejo de Especies Invasoras     

Greening up: the effects of environmental standards in EU and US trade agreements

Can environmental provisions in preferential trade agreements (PTAs) foster an environmental race to the top? The ways in which different enforcement mechanisms in North–South PTAs affect the implementation of environmental standards in developing countries are examined. It is argued that environmental provisions in European Union (EU) and United States (US) PTAs will be effective in instigating policy change in partner countries, although the timing of the effect will vary significantly. Fines and sanctions in US PTAs incentivize partner countries to reform during the negotiation process. Reform in EU PTA partners is predicted to occur during agreement implementation as a result of the EU’s policy dialogue approach. Illustrative evidence is provided and the hypotheses are tested using statistical estimations of EU and US PTAs with environmental provisions on developing countries’ environmental policy reform.     

资源节约型社会评价指标体系的构建

建设资源节约型社会是当前中国极为迫切的任务。在分析资源节约型社会内涵基础上，根据整体性原则、针对性原则、应用性原则、可操作性原则和动态性原则，从经济节约指数、社会节约指数、科技支持指数和环境支持指数4个准则层面给出29个具体指标，基本涵盖了节约型社会的各个方面；最后从推进循环经济的发展、增强节约意识推进节约社会的发展、加快科技进步促进科技成果转化和改善、提高环境支持水平等方面，对提升资源节约型社会节约水平提出了建议。     

清罐油泥资源化综合利用技术应用

采用清罐含油污泥资源化综合利用技术,处理后的含油污泥经检测其灰渣重金属含量均小于我国GB 15618-1995《土壤环境质量标准》和GB 4284-84《农用污泥中污染物控制标准》,灰渣浸出液达到GB5085.3-2007《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别》二级标准、燃烧后产生的废气和烟尘达到GB 13271-2001《锅炉大气污染物排放标准》。解决了清罐油泥处理难的问题,同时符合国家推行清洁生产,大力发展循环经济的要求,使生产过程中的废物减量化、资源化、无害化,减小了油泥排污费用,具有显著环境效益和社会效益。     

A method for regional-scale material flow and decoupling analysis: A demonstration case study of Aichi prefecture, Japan

We have developed a method to analyse the annual material flow in a prefecture and have calculated environmental indicators for a prefecture. Material flow analysis (MFA) is important to clarify the structure of a regional society and obtain environmental indicators for a circular society. However, MFA has not advanced in local governments because of few local statistics. We have developed a method to analyse the annual material flow in Aichi prefecture from 1980 to 2000 using an input–output (I–O) table and statistics of Aichi. We have verified the accuracy of this method by comparing its results for 2000 which calculated on the basis of official I–O table for 1995 with the I–O table data for 2000; the correlation coefficient obtained in this case is greater than 0.95. Moreover, by performing MFA, we have estimated the resource consumption and decoupling indicator of each industry in Aichi prefecture from 1980 to 2000. We could obtain more detailed and accurate environmental indicators by using our method. From these results, we could estimate the progress of Aichi prefecture towards a circular society.