Theoretical Analysis and Restructuring of Capacity Building for Sustainable Development

1Connotation of capacity building for sustainable development( CBSD)Sustainable development emphasizes the coordination between man and nature,the upgrading ofliving standards,the potentiality of development and the role of natural ecosystem in supportinghuman life.All this depends on the improvementand elevation of sustainable developmentcapaci-ty.In other words,capacity building is important to achieving sustainable development.Agenda2 1 gave an interpretation of capacity building for sust…     

Zn-TiO_2纳米管的光催化活性

采用水热合成-浸渍法制备锌掺杂TiO2纳米管（Zn-TiO2纳米管）,透射电镜照片显示Zn-TiO2纳米管为两端开口形貌均一的中空管状结构,管径约6～8 nm,壁厚约1 nm,长度约50～200 nm。研究了Zn-TiO2纳米管对甲基橙的光催化性能,结果表明：掺杂适量锌提高了TiO2纳米管对甲基橙的光催化降解性能,0.4%Zn-TiO2纳米管的光催化性能最佳。同时还探讨了Zn-TiO2纳米管用量和初始pH值等因素对光催化降解甲基橙的影响,结果显示Zn-TiO2纳米管能有效地降解甲基橙。随着光催化反应进行,CODCr去除率和脱色率变化规律不完全相同,可能是由于芳基和烷基降解速率不同所致。     

1994—2008年河南省植被净第一性生产力及其时空变化

基于地理信息系统和卫星遥感技术,利用地面气象数据、遥感数据和土地分类等数据,根据河南省实际植被覆盖和自然地理情况,应用改进的CASA模型估算了1994—2008年间河南省植被净第一性生产力及其时空变化。结果表明：河南省植被净第一性生产力与年均温度的相关性好于植被年净第一性生产力与年降水量和年均太阳辐射之间的相关性,温度是限制河南省植被净第一性生产力的主要因子;15年来河南省植被净第一性生产力呈增加趋势,但不明显;河南省主要植被类型的净第一性生产力从大到小依次为林地、灌丛、耕地、草地、其它植被,它们随时间的变化趋势极为一致。     

全氟化合物的生物富集效应研究进展

研究污染物的生物富集效应,对于预测污染物在生物体内的含量、建立环境标准以及评估污染物的生态风险具有重要的意义。结合近年来国内外报道的有关全氟化合物（PFCs）的生物浓缩因子（BCF）、生物富集因子（BAF）、生物放大因子（BMF）和营养级放大因子（TMF）等参数,对PFCs的生物富集效应及其影响因素进行了综述。研究结果表明,氟代碳原子数高于7的PFCs一般在生物体或食物链（网）上具有生物富集效应,而氟代碳原子数低于7的PFCs的生物富集效应较低。PFCs的理化性质（碳链长度、碳链末端基团类型和是否含有支链等）、生物的种类及其生理生化参数（体长、体重和性别等）和环境条件（生态系统的组成、水温和污染物含量等）等都影响PFCs在生物体内或食物链（网）上的富集。综观当前研究成果,PFCs在食物链（网）上生物放大效应研究主要集中于极地地区海洋食物网,应加强其他区域（特别是典型污染区域）、各种类型食物网（如淡水食物网和陆生食物网）上PFCs的生物富集效应及其影响因素研究,为全面评估PFCs的生态风险提供基础数据。     

Removal of elemental mercury by KI-impregnated clay

This study described the use of clay impregnated by KI in gas phase elemental mercury (Hg^o) removal in flue gas. The effects of KI loading, temperature, O₂, SO₂ and H₂O on Hg^o removal were investigated using a fixed bed reactor. The Hg^o removal efficiency of KI-clay with 3% KI loading could maintain at a high level (approximately 80 %) after 3 h. The KI-clay demonstrated to be a potential adsorbent for Hg^o removal when compared with activated carbon based adsorbent. O₂ was found to be an important factor in improving the Hg^o removal. O₂ was demonstrated to assist the transfer of KI to I₂ on the surface of KI-clay, which could react with Hg^o directly. NO and SO₂ could slightly improve Hg^o removal, while H₂O inhibited it greatly. The results indicated that after adsorption, most of the mercury escaped from the surface again. Some of the mercury may have been oxidized as it left the surface. The results demonstrated that the chemical reaction primarily occurred between KI and mercury on the surface of the KI-clay.     

Assessing citizen contributions to butterfly monitoring in two large cities

Citizen science may be especially effective in urban landscapes due to the large pool of potential volunteers. However, there have been few evaluations of the contributions of citizen scientists to knowledge of biological communities in and around cities. To assess the effectiveness of citizen scientists' monitoring of species in urban areas, we compared butterfly data collected over 10 years in Chicago, Illinois (U.S.A.), and New York City, New York (U.S.A.). The dates, locations, and methods of data collection in Chicago were standardized, whereas data from New York were collected at any location at any time. For each city, we evaluated whether the number of observers, observation days (days on which observations were reported), and sampling locations were associated with the reported proportion of the estimated regional pool of butterfly species. We also compared the number of volunteers, duration of volunteer involvement, and consistency of sampling efforts at individual locations within each city over time. From 2001 to 2010, there were 73 volunteers in Chicago and 89 in New York. During this period, volunteers observed 86% and 89% of the estimated number of butterfly species present in Chicago and New York, respectively. Volunteers in New York reported a greater proportion of the estimated pool of butterfly species per year. In addition, more species were observed per volunteer and observation day in New York, largely due to the unrestricted sampling season in New York. Chicago volunteers were active for more years and monitored individual locations more consistently over time than volunteers in New York. Differences in monitoring protocol--especially length of sampling season and selection protocol for monitoring locations--influenced the relationship between species accrual and sampling effort, which suggests these factors are important in volunteer-based species-monitoring programs.     

土壤和沉积物中有机质对双酚A和17α-乙炔基雌二醇的吸附行为

研究了土壤和沉积物原始样品bulk及其有机质组分(非水解性有机质NHC、碳黑BC和腐殖酸HA)对17α-乙炔基雌二醇(EE2)和双酚A(BPA)的吸附行为.所有的吸附等温线都很好地拟合了Freundlich模型,除HA和bulk外,所有的吸附等温线都为显著的非线性(n值为0.46—0.76).对于EE2和BPA的吸附非线性因子n值都存在这样的关系:HA>NHC>BC.EE2以有机碳归一化的Freundlich吸附能力(lgKOC)有BC>NHC>bulk>HA的关系,说明有机质成熟度越高,对EE2或者BPA的吸附能力越高.在土壤和沉积物有机质SOM(NHC、BC和HA)对吸附BPA和EE2的贡献上,NHC、BC和HA对沉积物和土壤对BPA总吸附贡献上要明显弱于它们对EE2的贡献.除了内分泌干扰物(EDCs)的疏水性影响EE2和BPA的吸附能力的差异外,分子大小和带电子苯环数也影响它们的吸附能力差异.     

树脂负载α-FeOOH异相光Fenton降解水中己烷雌酚

以Amberlite200树脂为载体,在Fe(NO3)3-HNO3体系中恒温水解制备了负载型催化剂α-FeOOH/Resin,以己烷雌酚(HEX)为目标化合物,研究了α-FeOOH/Resin的异相Fenton催化性能.结果表明,α-FeOOH/Resin异相Fenton反应能够有效降解水中的HEX,紫外光和H2O2的协同作用很大程度地提高了降解效率;pH值的降低或初始H2O2浓度的提高,均能增加HEX的降解速率;在中性条件下,HEX的光Fenton降解过程中,溶出的铁元素对降解贡献不大,异相Fenton反应起主导作用;催化剂重复使用后仍具有较好的催化活性和机械强度,说明铁在其表面负载牢固,催化剂具有一定的实用性.     

马莲鞍的化学成分研究

从马莲鞍根的乙醇提取物中分离得到3个具有细胞毒活性的化合物杠柳苷元(1)、杠柳苷元-3β-乙酸酯(2)和periplogenin3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(3),此外,还得到了乌沙苷元(4)、α-香树脂醇乙酸酯(5)、α-香树脂醇十三酸酯(6)、乌苏酸(7)、9,19-环阿尔廷-25-烯-3β,24R-二醇(8)、9,19-环阿尔廷-25-烯-3β,24S-二醇(9)、环桉烯醇(10)、9,19-环阿尔廷-23E-烯-3β,25-二醇(11)、25-甲氧基-9,19-环阿尔廷-23E-烯-3β-醇(12)、11α,12α-epoxytaraxer-14-en-3β-ace-tate(13)、齐墩果酸(14)、β-谷甾醇(15)和β-胡萝卜苷(16).通过波谱学方法鉴定了它们的结构.通过X单晶衍射确证了13的结构.化合物1、2和3抗MDA-MB-231细胞株的GI50值分别为2.13×10-5molL-1,2.04×10-5molL-1和2.30×10-6molL-1.图2表5参17     

磷肥对砷污染土壤的植物修复效率的影响:田间实例研究

通过田间试验研究施用磷肥对砷超富集植物蜈蚣草(PterisvittataL.)生长和砷污染土壤修复效率的影响.结果表明,适量施用磷肥促进蜈蚣草的生长,显著提高其生物量,但过量施用磷肥对植物产量无贡献.随着磷肥施用量的增加,蜈蚣草地上部砷含量呈先增加后减少的趋势,理论上在施磷量为340kg·hm-2时,砷含量可达最高(1622mg·kg-1).磷的含量与施磷量呈极显著的正相关关系.施磷量为200kg·hm-2的砷累积量最高,是不施磷处理砷累积量的2 4倍及600kg·hm-2施磷量砷累积量的1 2倍.种植蜈蚣草7个月后,土壤总砷均有不同程度的下降,施磷量为200kg·hm-2的土壤中砷含量下降5 0mg·kg-1,土壤修复效率最高(7 84%).对照和600kg·hm-2施磷量处理的土壤修复效率分别为2 31%和6 63%.理论上达到最大土壤修复效率所需施磷量为369kg·hm-2.施用磷肥可以维持土壤有效态砷含量在蜈蚣草种植前后变化不大,保证蜈蚣草下个生育期对砷的吸收.这些结果说明施用磷肥是蜈蚣草等砷超富集植物在现场修复中的必要手段,优化施磷技术可大大提高砷污染土壤的修复效率.