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731.
732.
To overcome the shortcomings of phosphorus-containing compounds (PCCs, not widely used) in fire suppression, the dry water powder containing phosphoric acid was analyzed for a new fire suppressant (SiO2-P). First, the fine conditions (solid-to-liquid ratio, stirring time and stirring speed) were determined to prepare the new powder. The particle size distributions and XPS of SiO2-P powder were analyzed. The TG tests were conducted to study the decomposition of powder, and there was a major decomposition peak. Second, the extinguishing time of SiO2-P powder was tested, which showed that the SiO2-P powder containing phosphorus species could significantly improve the fire suppression ability. In addition, the kinetic parameters of powder decomposition reaction were determined by genetic algorithm based on TG results. Last, based on the decomposition products and kinetic parameters, the burning velocity and mass fraction of free radicals of CH4/air flame with SiO2-P powder addition were studied theoretically. The results indicated that SiO2-P powder had great ability of reducing the burning velocity and scavenging free radicals. Furthermore, the suppression effects were analyzed, which indicated that the cooperation of H2O and P suppression effect dominated the suppression mechanism and resulted in the good suppression efficiency. 相似文献
733.
Kosmelj Katarina Cedilnik Anton Kalan Polona 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2001,8(2):109-119
The objective of a long-term soil survey is to determine the mean concentrations of several chemical parameters for the pre-defined soil layers and to compare them with the corresponding values in the past. A two-stage random sampling procedure is used to achieve this goal. In the first step, n subplots are selected from N subplots by simple random sampling without replacement; in the second step, m sampling sites are chosen within each of the n selected subplots. Thus n · m soil samples are collected for each soil layer. The idea of the composite sample design comes from the challenge of reducing very expensive laboratory analyses: m laboratory samples from one subplot and one soil layer are physically mixed to form a composite sample. From each of the n selected subplots, one composite sample per soil layer is analyzed in the laboratory, thus n per soil layer in total. In this paper we show that the cost is reduced by the factor m — 1 when instead of the two-stage sampling its composite sample alternative is used; however, the variance of the composite sample mean is increased. In the case of positive intraclass correlation the increase is less than 12.5%; in the case of negative intraclass correlation the increase depends on the properties of the variable as well. For the univariate case we derive the optimal number of subplots and sampling sites. A case study is discussed at the end. 相似文献
734.
M. A. Aravindh 《International Journal of Green Energy》2016,13(12):1209-1223
This paper outlines a complete review on modifications made on the absorber plate of solar air heaters in order to improve the turbulence and heat transfer rate, thereby efficiency. Corrugated sheets, fins, extended surfaces, wire mesh, porous medium, etc., are a few of the modifications used. Most of such alterations in the absorber plate resulted with an increase in efficiency but associated with drawback of increased pumping power due to raising friction factor. Pumping power is considered here as a predominant comparison parameters of various solar air heaters with different absorber plate in terms of effective efficiency. 相似文献
735.
P. Pankaew O. Aumporn S. Pattarapanitchai M. Sangsan B.K. Bala 《International Journal of Green Energy》2020,17(11):632-643
ABSTRACT Large-scale greenhouse solar dryers have been used for drying various products and this type of dryer is usually equipped with LPG burner as auxiliary heater, which creates more operating cost. To overcome this problem, phase change material (PCM) thermal storage was proposed to substitute for the LPG burner. In this work, the performance of a large-scale greenhouse solar dryer integrated with a PCM as a latent heat storage for drying of chili was investigated. Experimental studies were conducted to compare the performance of this dryer with that of another large-scale greenhouse solar dryer without the PCM thermal storage and open sun drying. Chili with an initial moisture content of 74.7% (w.b.) was dried to a final moisture content of 10.0% (w.b.) in 2.5 days, 3.5 days, and 11 days using the solar dryer integrated with the PCM thermal storage, the solar dryer without the PCM thermal storage and the open sun drying, respectively. The performance of the solar dryer integrated with the PCM thermal storage was also evaluated using exergy analysis. The exergy efficiency of the drying room of the solar dryer integrated with the PCM thermal storage and the solar dryer without the PCM thermal storage for drying of chili was found to be 13.1% and 11.4%, respectively and the thermal storage helps to dry chili during adverse weather conditions. The results of exergy analysis implied that the exergy losses from the dryer with the PCM should be reduced. 相似文献
736.
737.
Estuaries and coastal lagoons are characterized by a strong spatial and temporal variability of physicochemical characteristics and productivity patterns. In these environments, the magnitude and direction of the ecological responses to inorganic nutrient increase (i.e. eutrophication) are difficult to predict. In the framework of the project, New Indicators of Trophic state and environmental quality of marine coastal ecosystems and transitional environments (NITIDA), we analysed benthic indicators of trophic state, ecosystem efficiency, and environmental quality in four different transitional environments. The trophic state of the sediments was assessed in terms of quantity and bioavailability of sediment organic C pools; ecosystem efficiency was determined in terms of the prokaryote efficiency in exploiting enzymatycally degraded organic C; environmental quality was determined in terms of meiofaunal diversity. Here, we provide a synopsis of the results obtained and a meta-analysis of the scores assessments obtained using the different ecological indicators of environmental quality and demonstrate that trophic state, ecosystem efficiency, and biodiversity in transitional ecosystems are closely linked. We conclude that the assessment of the environmental quality of transitional ecosystems should be based upon a battery of trophic state indicators and 'sensors' of ecosystem functioning, efficiency, and quality. 相似文献
738.
US Energy Conservation and Efficiency: Benefits and Costs 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
D. Pimentel A. Pleasant J. Barron J. Gaudioso N. Pollock E. Chae Y. Kim A. Lassiter C. Schiavoni A. Jackson M. Lee A. EATON 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2004,6(3):279-305
With increased energy conservation plus the adoption of diverse energy efficient technologies, the US economy could save about 32 quads or about 33% of its current energy consumption, if sound conservation energy use policies were implemented over approximately 10 years. This potential of 32 quads is slightly greater than the current US oil imports. The systems that have the greatest potential to provide major energy savings are transportation, residential energy use, and the food system. Not only saving energy has merit in itself, but it would save US citizens approximately $438 billion per year, helping support the US economy, a high standard of living, and energy security. In addition, this analysis suggests that reducing the $40 billion in taxpayer money spent on subsidies of the energy industries would further increase conservation. 相似文献
739.
厚果含笑(Michelialacei)生长在供给6mmolL-1NO3-(高氮)和2mmolL-1NO3-(低氮)Hoagland溶液的盆栽土中,利用PAM-2100叶绿素荧光仪、Licor-6400LCF荧光叶室和WatersHPLC分别测定叶绿素a荧光参数和类胡萝卜素组分,研究氮营养对光系统II(PSII)光化效率和光或暗下热耗散过程的影响.结果表明,在自然光日进程中叶片的开启PSII反应中心的内在量子效率(Fv/Fm)随光辐射增强而降低.低氮叶片Fv/Fm较高氮叶片降低明显(P<0.05).低氮叶片表现较明显的光抑制现象,反映低氮叶片对光抑制比高氮叶片敏感.高氮叶片比低氮叶片有低的PSII光化效率(ΦPSⅡ,P<0.05).高氮叶片依赖光的ΔpH和叶黄素介导的热耗散效率(ΦNPQ)和光下热耗散速率(JNPQ)则较低氮叶片高(P<0.05),结果反映高氮营养增进光下热耗散效率和速率.高氮叶片的紫黄质(A) 玉米黄质(Z)和叶黄素循环色素的转换态(A Z/V A Z)则较低氮叶片高(P<0.05).高氮叶片有较高光下热耗散(NPQ)和相应较高的(A Z)或(A Z/V A Z),叶片通过叶黄素循环色素以热的形式耗散过剩能;而低氮叶片表现高的总荧光淬灭和暗下热耗散.充足氮叶片有较低的光化效率,增高了光呼吸,并通过增强通过叶黄素循环色素的大量耗散过剩能.结果显示,过量氮输入将降低植物光能利用效率.图6表3参28 相似文献
740.
Chen Ying Zhao Yong & Liu ChangmingSchool of Environment Beijing Normal University State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation Pollution Control Beijing ChinaChina Institute of Water Resources Hydraulic Research Beijing China 《中国人口.资源与环境(英文版)》2004,2(2)
Water saving and developing water conservation society are the two key strategies both for wise water allocation and sustainable utilization. The paper analyses the connotation of water saving and water conservation society. Essentially, water saving means freeing up water from non-beneficial uses and providing it to some more productive uses. Basic principles for setting indicator are presented by providing efficient use of water, considering social issues and ecological protection. An integrated assessing water saving system aiming at more sustainable and efficient consumption is given considering unbalanced social and economic development in regions and basins. The hierarchy indicator system provides qualified tools to the practice of water conservation and evaluates the value for water conservation society construction. 相似文献