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811.
Hassan Fathabadi 《International Journal of Green Energy》2020,17(12):742-755
ABSTRACT In this paper, a novel evacuated tube solar collector (ETSC) is first designed and built. Then, the impact of adding reflector, reflector plus single-axis sun tracker and reflector plus two-axis sun tracker to the built ETSC on the thermal efficiency of the ETSC is evaluated both theoretically and experimentally. In this regard, four identical versions of the proposed ETSC have been built and utilized in four collectors built and presented in this research work. The first collector is the same proposed built ETSC, the second collector is a parabolic trough solar collector comprising one built ETSC and a reflector (ETSC+R), the third collector is composed of one built ETSC, a reflector and a single-axis sun tracker all built in this study (ETSC+R+ ST), and the fourth collector consists of one built ETSC, a reflector and a two-axis sun tracker all built in this study (ETSC+R+ DT). Theoretical basis and concepts of the four collectors are formulated and analyzed in separate subsections. Theoretical results are outlined and highlighted at the end of each subsection. Experimental measurements and data obtained from the operation of the four collectors in the four seasons are presented that point by point verify theoretical results obtained in this study. To provide a comprehensive view, a techno-economic numerical comparison is performed between the four collectors. The following points, which are also the novelty and contributions of this work, are deduced from theoretical concepts, experimental data, and comparison provided in this study: ?There is no technical and economic justification for adding a reflector to an ETSC that results in forming a parabolic trough solar collector (ETSC+R) without any sun tracker. ?There is no economic justification for adding a single-axis sun tracker to a parabolic trough solar collector (ETSC+R). ?There is no economic justification for adding a two-axis sun tracker to a parabolic trough solar collector (ETSC+R). ?Comparing between a two-axis sun tracker and a single-axis sun tracker, adding the single-axis type to a parabolic trough solar collector (ETSC+R) is more advantageous. 相似文献
812.
Political pressures exist to increase the economic efficiency of timber management and production on the national forests
managed by the USDA Forest Service. There is growing belief both outside and within the Forest Service that current levels
of timber production, and most particularly uneconomic timber production, should be reduced. Many argue that eliminating uneconomic
timber management programs will both save money and reduce environmental degradation. This article traces the political evolution
of the focus on economic efficiency in timber production and explores the political-institutional factors that are shaping
the current policy debate. The below-cost issue is less about economic efficiency than it is about political advantage and
alternative political visions of the societal role of the nation's national forests now and in the future. 相似文献
813.
Krishan P. Singh Carl G. Lonnquist 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1972,8(2):239-249
Economics of treatment plant staging or capacity expansions is governed by the initial water demand rate, Q0; the anticipated demand growth rate, G; the discount rate, D; the cost of operation, maintenance, and repair (OMR); the useful plant life, T, as a function of the quality of design, construction, and OMR; the treatment plant load factor, Lf; the salvage value of the plant at the end of the project period; the efficiency of the plant-staging design, eta; and the length of the project period, Ts. Various staging policies are investigated to find an optimal policy. The desirability of adopting a staging policy is governed by the magnitude of percent savings that can be achieved by adopting this policy instead of a no-staging policy. A detailed analysis of the problem shows that the percent savings because of staging increase with an increase in Q, G, D, T, and eta;. A reduction in the plant load factor increases the total costs. Information about the effect of variation in the parameters should help the planner and designer to work out an economical schedule of treatment plant capacity expansions. 相似文献
814.
Robert R. Criss 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1971,7(4):639-643
ABSTRACT The growing social consciousness and concern with human well-being has resulted in numerous water resource use and control programs, the results of which must be measured not in the customary monetary terms, but rather in terms of social and human welfare. Interdisciplinary research offers the greatest promise of yielding fruitful results in establishing planning methodology that would result in a maximum utilization of funds available for water resource programs. Working with the various social science disciplines, accountants have begun research in social measurement thus opening the door to a new field of accountancy known as socio-economic accounting. The development of social accounting systems will improve water resource management by projecting heretofore unmeasureable social values into the management decision making process. 相似文献
815.
James A. Seagraves K. William Easter 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1983,19(4):663-672
ABSTRACT Alternative combinations of water pricing and regulations are possible in allocating irrigation water. The best combination will depend on the value of water, ability to control deliveries, desire to subsidize agriculture, ownership traditions, crops grown, return flows, drainage problems, staff training, ability to collect fees, the number of farmers involved, etc. Marginal cost pricing is just one possible alternative and it is more a way of thinking about prices rather than a set system. The possibilities for achieving an equitable and efficient distribution of water are improved if some form of marginal cost pricing is included in the system of water charges. 相似文献
816.
Integrated rice-fish culture: Coupled production saves resources 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Rice is a key component in global food security, as it is the main ingredient in the daily diets of around 3 billion people, especially in Asia. Like all agricultural production, rice cultivation depends on scarce natural resources. This article briefly outlines the utilization of land and water in rice production, and suggests an approach for optimizing use efficiency, namely through the combination of rice and fish culture. The authors argue that the utilization of land and fresh water is optimized through integrated and complementary production of rice and fish — two basic foods items in daily local diets. The article reviews currently available scientific literature on integrated rice‐fish systems. Rice‐fish culture systems are briefly characterized, and respective yield potential and interactions between rice and fish are discussed. Results of socio‐economic surveys regarding the adoption of integrated rice‐fish culture are summarized. The article also reviews literature on the impact of fish culture on rice field ecology as outlined in studies on weed infestation, insect populations, and greenhouse gas emissions. The article concludes that rice‐fish culture can be an option to help rice producing countries keep pace with soaring domestic demand for food, especially fish. Integrated rice and fish culture optimizes the benefits of scarce land and water resources through complementary use, and exploits the synergies between fish and plant. 相似文献
817.
Fridtjof Unander 《Natural resources forum》2005,29(4):377-391
The International Energy Agency (IEA), together with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), UN‐DESA, Eurostat and the European Environmental Agency, has recently published a comprehensive joint‐agency overview of energy indicators for sustainable development. The IEA's contribution to this publication is based on the IEA energy indicator approach. This approach has been developed and used by the IEA over a number of years. The indicators advocated by the IEA are relatively disaggregated to allow for meaningful analysis of sustainability issues in the energy sector. Using a decomposition approach helps reveal the causal links between human/economic driving forces, energy use and emissions. This article presents examples of IEA's work with indicators and an overview of the methodology used, including an explanation of the link to sustainable development. It also provides an example of a simplified indicator analysis of India, to illustrate the importance of improved data systems in developing indicators that can provide meaningful policy analysis. 相似文献
818.
提高垃圾焚烧电厂热能利用效率的几个途径 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
采用能量分析的方法,从几个侧面对垃圾焚烧发电厂热能利用效率低下的原因进行分析,提出了解决垃圾焚烧发电厂热能利用效率的途径:选择合适的炉型,降低散热损失以提高锅炉效率;对进厂垃圾进行堆酵以沥出其中水分,提高入炉垃圾低位热值;提高锅炉出口蒸汽参数,采用回热循环等措施增加蒸汽的可用能,提高系统发电效率。 相似文献
819.
J. A. Carfrae L. J. Sheppard J. A. Raven I. D. Leith W. Stein A. Crossley M. Theobald 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2004,4(6):229-239
This paper reports data from a field study investigating the impacts of elevated ammonia (NH3) deposition on Calluna vulgaris growing on an ombrotrophic peat bog in S.E. Scotland. Shoot extension, foliar N concentrations, chlorophyll concentration and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured during the second growing season of exposure to a gradient of ammonia concentrations. Results indicate that NH3 increases growth between 150–200 kg N ha–1y–1 cumulative deposition. Foliar N content increased significantly in response to NH3 cumulative deposition up to 400 kg N ha–1 y–1 whereas chlorophyll a content significantly decreased. Measurements of Fv/Fm suggest that although NH3 exposure altered the growth and reduced chlorophyll a, the efficiency of photosystem II was insensitive to NH3-N deposition at this stage. 相似文献
820.