Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Audit in Large-Scale Public Infrastructure Construction: The Case of the Qinghai–Tibet Railway

Large-scale public infrastructure projects have featured in China’s modernization course since the early 1980s. During the early stages of China’s rapid economic development, public attention focused on the economic and social impact of high-profile construction projects. In recent years, however, we have seen a shift in public concern toward the environmental and ecological effects of such projects, and today governments are required to provide valid environmental impact assessments prior to allowing large-scale construction. The official requirement for the monitoring of environmental conditions has led to an increased number of debates in recent years regarding the effectiveness of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) and Governmental Environmental Audits (GEAs) as environmental safeguards in instances of large-scale construction. Although EIA and GEA are conducted by different institutions and have different goals and enforcement potential, these two practices can be closely related in terms of methodology. This article cites the construction of the Qinghai–Tibet Railway as an instance in which EIA and GEA offer complementary approaches to environmental impact management. This study concludes that the GEA approach can serve as an effective follow-up to the EIA and establishes that the EIA lays a base for conducting future GEAs. The relationship that emerges through a study of the Railway’s construction calls for more deliberate institutional arrangements and cooperation if the two practices are to be used in concert to optimal effect.     

我国清洁生产审核咨询机构现状分析及政策建议

对我国清洁生产审核咨询机构的主要功能、地位及其在政府与企业之间所发挥的联接作用进行了系统阐述.分析了我国清洁生产审核咨询机构的现状,总结了现阶段我国清洁生产审核咨询机构的主要特点及存在问题,并结合我国实际情况提出了发展我国清洁生产审核咨询机构的政策建议.     

Centre-specific ultrasound nuchal translucency medians needed for Down syndrome screening

Nuchal translucency (NT) measurements were compared between 13 centres participating in a multi-marker Down syndrome screening program. Results from 4765 women were analysed, and there were highly statistically significant between-centre differences after allowing for gestation (P < 0.0001). Examination of maternal serum marker levels, expressed in multiples of the median (MoM) for gestation, showed that this was not due to gestational errors. Regression analysis was carried out to derive an equation with a centre-specific component that could be used to express NT in MoMs. Use of this equation reduced the variance of logNT by 15% compared to a published equation. The equation can be readily modified for use in other centres. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高校清洁生产审核实践

清洁生产审核是高校实现清洁生产的前提。以北京某高校的清洁生产审核为例,对耗能大、产污排污量大的高校开展清洁生产审核进行分析,挖掘高校"节能、降耗、减污、增效"的潜力,同时提出符合学校实际的清洁生产方案,对高校实现清洁生产、降低运行成本提供参考。     

清洁生产工作现状与出路

清洁生产是一项系统的工作,其现状表现是各因素综合作用的结果。本文在对当前清洁生产工作存在问题进行描述的基础上,分析其成因,给出解决问题的对策,为使清洁生产工作沿既定轨道发展提供科学的参考与借鉴。     

清洁生产标准指标体系在审核中的作用

清洁生产审核已成为企业实施清洁生产的有效手段,清洁生产标准指标体系在审核工作中具有举足轻重的作用。文章分析了清洁生产标准指标体系在审核中的作用:判断企业清洁生产潜力,确定审核重点;设置科学合理的清洁生产目标;对审核产生的绩效进行评估;建立长期持续的清洁生产计划。同时,以某制革企业为例,说明清洁生产标准体系的具体应用。     

浅谈空气质量自动监测系统的准确度审核

以粤港珠江三角洲区域空气监控网络为例,介绍了空气质量自动监测系统准确度审核的内容、方法、步骤、数据处理、成效目标等,并结合粤港空气网连续7a进行准确度审核工作的经验,对审核时常见的问题及原因进行了分析。     

管理体系审核方案策划探讨

结合审核方策划工作中的几个案例,对做好审核方案策划需要重点关注的几个方面进行了探讨。     

认证机构OHSMS认证审核程序实施探讨

对目前部分认证机构认证审核中的程序、实施中存在的误区，以及按照国家标准和认可规范性文件规定进行了探讨，指出了目前部分职业健康安全管理体系认证机构认证审核程序实施中的一些误区，并提出了具体的、规范化、标准化的做法。对于认证机构开展规范化、标准化的职业健康安全管理体系的认证初次审核、监督审核、复评工作将起到一定的借鉴作用。     

二级公路成为事故之路的症结

二级公路交通事故多发 ,其症结在于道路的规划、设计和管理工作中存在许多不完善并急需改进之处。例如交通参与人素质与道路不协调 ,道路交通安全设施不完善 ,道路规划、建设受到行政干预 ,公路平面交叉口不规范等。解决二级公路交通安全问题需要从规划、设计和管理等诸多方面入手。因此 ,笔者建议建立公路规划、设计安全审计和责任追究制度 ;在选用公路等级、设计速度和限制速度时 ,以公路功能定位 ;根据交通安全法律、法规规定及时完善交通安全设施 ;强化交叉路口规范化管理和支线限速设计 ;加强交通安全管理力度 ,增加科技管理投入 ;由政府牵头 ,依靠公路沿线乡镇、单位和学校 ,深入持久地进行交通安全宣传教育 ,提高公路沿线居民的交通安全意识。