强化生物除磷过程中污泥胞内糖原的红外光谱分析

采用傅里叶中红外光谱对强化生物除磷过程中污泥胞内糖原物质进行了表征,并将污泥样品与糖原标样的红外光谱进行对比,确认糖原物质在1020 cm-1峰附近有较明显的特征吸收贡献.因此,采用红外光谱945~1150 cm-1区域内的吸收光谱数据,结合测得胞内糖原的含量,应用偏最小二乘法和BP神经网络算法分别建立了污泥红外光谱与糖原含量的定量分析模型.结果显示,偏最小二乘法得到的测量值与预测值具有较小的平均绝对误差(MAE),其相关系数达到0.921.     

基于聚类算法的ERT污染区域识别方法

本文提出将聚类算法引入到ERT监测系统中，采用K均值（K-means）聚类、模糊C均值算法（FCM）以及混合高斯模型（GMM）3种常用聚类算法对ERT检测结果进行污染区域识别，通过一个数值模型分析了3种算法的识别效果.研究结果表明当污染区域与背景土壤的电阻率区分度较大时（电阻率差异性大于30%），采用3种聚类算法都可以识别出污染区域，K-means和FCM的识别效果优于GMM算法.最后，给出一个实际场地调查的应用案例.     

神经网络模型在环境监测机构编制管理中的应用研究

根据非线性化现代神经元理论 ,以湖北省三、四级环境监测站为例 ,建立了神经网络定量测算人员编制的模型。研究确立了反向传播 BP模型在测算人员编制中的应用方法及技术路线。采用所建模型对某部门、某单位人员编制测算具有操作方便灵活 ,准确可靠以及实用性、通用性和动态可操作性特点。不仅可指导环保系统机构实现科学化定编、定员 ,同时对其他事业单位编制的规范化管理亦有参考意义。     

Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Audit in Large-Scale Public Infrastructure Construction: The Case of the Qinghai–Tibet Railway

Large-scale public infrastructure projects have featured in China’s modernization course since the early 1980s. During the early stages of China’s rapid economic development, public attention focused on the economic and social impact of high-profile construction projects. In recent years, however, we have seen a shift in public concern toward the environmental and ecological effects of such projects, and today governments are required to provide valid environmental impact assessments prior to allowing large-scale construction. The official requirement for the monitoring of environmental conditions has led to an increased number of debates in recent years regarding the effectiveness of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) and Governmental Environmental Audits (GEAs) as environmental safeguards in instances of large-scale construction. Although EIA and GEA are conducted by different institutions and have different goals and enforcement potential, these two practices can be closely related in terms of methodology. This article cites the construction of the Qinghai–Tibet Railway as an instance in which EIA and GEA offer complementary approaches to environmental impact management. This study concludes that the GEA approach can serve as an effective follow-up to the EIA and establishes that the EIA lays a base for conducting future GEAs. The relationship that emerges through a study of the Railway’s construction calls for more deliberate institutional arrangements and cooperation if the two practices are to be used in concert to optimal effect.     

风城油田清洁生产审核成效分析

从环境效益、技术可行性、经济效益及对生产的影响等方面进行清洁生产审核效果分析和评价。介绍了风城油田作业区自实施清洁生产以来,审核工作开展情况,物料与能耗分析;筛选出无费方案2个、低费方案6个、中费方案4个、高费方案2个,实施率分别为100%、100%、50%和100%。结论如下:节约电能1209.19万kW·h/a,节约天然气2739.25×10~4m~3/a,减少CO_2排放27682.84 t/a,减少NO_2排放645.22 t/a,减少SO_2排放17.35 t/a,减少烟尘排放396.90 t/a,减少固体废物排放0.12t/a,清洁生产方案将产生经济效益达4263.32万元/a。     

Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) dissipation in rhizosphere based on molecular structure and effect size

Rhizoremediation is a significant form of bioremediation for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This study examined the role of molecular structure in determining the rhizosphere effect on PAHs dissipation. Effect size in meta-analysis was employed as activity dataset for building quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models and accumulative effect sizes of 16 PAHs were used for validation of these models. Based on the genetic algorithm combined with partial least square regression, models for comprehensive dataset, Poaceae dataset, and Fabaceae dataset were built. The results showed that information indices, calculated as information content of molecules based on the calculation of equivalence classes from the molecular graph, were the most important molecular structural indices for QSAR models of rhizosphere effect on PAHs dissipation. The QSAR model, based on the molecular structure indices and effect size, has potential to be used in studying and predicting the rhizosphere effect of PAHs dissipation.     

我国清洁生产审核咨询机构现状分析及政策建议

对我国清洁生产审核咨询机构的主要功能、地位及其在政府与企业之间所发挥的联接作用进行了系统阐述.分析了我国清洁生产审核咨询机构的现状,总结了现阶段我国清洁生产审核咨询机构的主要特点及存在问题,并结合我国实际情况提出了发展我国清洁生产审核咨询机构的政策建议.     

文化对机组资源管理的影响

针对国内民航机组资源管理(CRM)及训练中忽视文化的作用和影响的现状,在调研和分析国外CRM与文化影响的基础上,笔者结合国内民航的运行特点,总结、分析了民族文化、组织文化,以及职业文化对机组协作与配合,CRM训练等方面的积极与消极影响,提出中国民航应根据自身的文化特点调整CRM训练的内容和实施方式,并应从3个层面采取措施来提高CRM及其训练的效果,即航空公司CRM训练的设计、实施与评估;飞机制造商在进行驾驶舱人-机界面设计,以及政府部门在对航空器进行适航审定时,应充分识别不同文化的差异、在强化各种文化类型积极影响的同时,努力降低或消除其消极影响。     

物种多度对数正态分布模型的一种数值计算方法

物种多度分布格局是生物多样性研究的重要内容．本文针对物种多度分布的对数正态模型计算方法的缺陷,首次提出应用遗传算法计算对数正态模型参数,并与前人计算方法进行了比较,证明遗传算法具有较强的数值计算能力,对生态学中诸多非线性曲线的参数估计具有普遍意义．     

Optimizing the Monitoring Strategy of Wastewater Treatment Plants by Multiobjective Neural Networks Approach

This paper applies artificial neural network (ANN) to model the observed effluent quality data. The ANN’s structure, involving the number of hidden layer and node and their connection, is determined endogenously by resorting to the compromise of data cost minimization and prediction accuracy maximization. To obtain the best compromise possible, the model introduces an aspiration variable (μ) that represents the level of aspiration achieved in one objective and the conjugate of μ, (1 − μ), represents level of aspiration achieved in the other objective. Because a massive amount of calculation is required, the model applies genetic algorithm (GA) for its computational flexibility and capability to ensure global solution. Feasibility and practicality of the model is tested by a case study with a set of 150 daily observations on 17 operational variables and quality parameters at an industrial wastewater treatment plant (WTP) located in southern Taiwan. Of these 17 variables open to selection, only 6 variables, wastewater flow rate (Q), CN⁻, SS, MLSS, pH and COD are selected by the model to achieve the maximum accuracy of prediction, 0.94, with a total cost of 5,950 NT$. By constraining budget availability, the variables included in the model are reduced in number, causing a concomitant reduction in prediction accuracy, that is, by varying μ (aspiration level of accuracy), a trajectory of cost and accuracy is generated. The calculation results a cost of 3,650 NT$ and 0.54 accuracy for the case with variables including flow rate, SCN⁻ and SS in equalization basin; aeration tank hydraulic retention time (HRT) and percentage of returned sludge (R%) are selected for building the prediction model when the importance of required budget is equal to the accuracy of prediction model. In addition, when required cost for building ANN model is between 3,650 NT$ and 3,900 NT$, the marginal return of budget input is highest in the entire range of calculation.