地质高背景区外源污染叠加条件下大白菜对Cd、Pb、Zn累积途径探究

黔西北是喀斯特重金属地质高背景区,受历史上土法炼锌影响,区域内大气降尘重金属含量高,土壤污染严重.为探究叶菜类蔬菜重金属的累积途径,以大白菜为供试作物,选择Cd、 Pb和Zn含量一致的地质高背景土壤和锌冶炼污染土壤,在锌粉厂污染区和无污染对照区进行盆栽试验,研究露天、覆膜和大棚栽培条件下大白菜重金属含量、富集系数(BCF)和转运系数(TF).结果表明,污染区和对照区大白菜ω(Cd)范围分别在0.10～1.01 mg·kg^-1和0.10～0.91 mg·kg^-1,ω(Pb)为0.31～0.62 mg·kg^-1和0.23～0.37 mg·kg^-1,ω(Zn)为7.50～32.74 mg·kg^-1和4.88～21.79 mg·kg^-1,总体上污染区重金属含量偏高,在地质高背景土壤上种植的大白菜,Cd和Pb基本达到国家食品安全标准限值的要求.受大气沉降的影响,污染区大白菜Pb和Zn含量显著高于对照区,Cd差异不明显.污染土壤弱酸溶态Cd、 Pb和Zn占比分别为48...     

NaOH改性鱼骨粉材料对Cd(II)的吸附

以鱼骨粉（FBM）为原料,利用NaOH处理制备高性能改性鱼骨粉材料（FBM_T）,通过比表面积仪（BET）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）、傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）、扫描电镜-光电子能谱（SEM-EDS）、透射电镜（TEM）等手段对吸附前后材料形貌、孔结构、功能基团进行表征分析.结果表明,与FBM相比,FBM_T出现一定数目中孔和大孔,具备了高孔容和平均孔径,分别增加68.57%和24.69%.FBM_T材料表面-OH、C=O和PO₄^3-等官能团含量增加,显示出一定的缓冲性能.FBM和FBM_T对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附经历快速的分配和慢速的吸附两个阶段,符合准二级动力学模型,相关系数R²分别达到0.8635及0.9480.Langmuir模型较好地拟合FBM和FBM_T对Cd（Ⅱ）的等温吸附过程,对Cd（Ⅱ）饱和吸附量由改性前的9.28mg/g增至改性后的22.47mg/g,对应的吸附强度K_F值也随之增加.分离因子0 < R_L < 1表明Cd（Ⅱ）的去除过程为有利吸附.功能材料与Cd（Ⅱ）的作用机理主要包括阳离子专性吸附、静电吸附、离子交换、表面络合及沉淀作用.以上研究为鱼骨粉修复Cd污染提供一种经济有效的方法.     

Synthesis of a novel ternary HA/Fe-Mn oxides-loaded biochar composite and its application in cadmium(II) and arsenic(V) adsorption

Cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) are two of the most toxic elements. However, the chemical behaviors of these two elements are different, making it challenging to utilize a single adsorbent with high adsorption capacity for both Cd(II) and As(V) removal. To solve this problem, we synthesized HA/Fe-Mn oxides-loaded biochar (HFMB), a novel ternary material, to perform this task, wherein scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with EDS (SEM-EDS) was used to characterize its morphological and physicochemical properties. The maximum adsorption capacity of HFMB was 67.11?mg/g for Cd(II) and 35.59?mg/g for As(V), which is much higher compared to pristine biochar (11.06?mg/g, 0?mg/g for Cd(II) and As(V), respectively). The adsorption characteristics were investigated by adsorption kinetics and the effects of the ionic strength and pH of solutions. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) revealed that chelation and deposition were the adsorption mechanisms that bound Cd(II) to HFMB, while ligand exchange was the adsorption mechanism that bound As(V).     

AQS对Shewanella oneidensis MR-1还原含Cd聚合硫酸铁絮体的影响

考察了一种典型的溶解性腐殖质蒽醌-2-磺酸钠(disodium anthraquinone-2-sulfonate,AQS)存在时,典型异化铁还原菌Shewanella oneidensis MR-1在厌氧条件下还原含镉聚铁絮体的过程。结果表明:AQS的存在促进了含Cd絮体中Fe(Ⅲ)的还原,也促进了Cd~(2+)的释放。相比无AQS体系,存在AQS的体系中,Fe~(2+)和Cd~(2+)达到最高浓度的时间均有所缩短,最高浓度也更高;且低浓度AQS的促进效果明显高于高浓度AQS;AQS的存在没有改变二次矿物的种类,仍是针铁矿和磁铁矿,但降低了矿物的结晶度,且AQS浓度越高,改变越明显。存在AQS的体系中,菌体结合的Cd~(2+)更多,且镉的直接释放和间接释放风险均增大,低浓度AQS体系中镉的直接释放风险更大。     

Zn-LDHs覆膜改性麦饭石对Cd(Ⅱ)吸附性能及其作用机理研究

采用水浴共沉淀法在碱性条件下制备两种Zn系层状双金属氢氧化物(Zn-LDHs),并对天然麦饭石进行覆膜改性得到Zn-LDHs覆膜改性麦饭石.运用能谱分析仪(EDS)配合场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)检测改性前后麦饭石,及吸附试验后ZnFe-LDHs覆膜改性麦饭石的形貌和元素变化;采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)对天然麦饭石和ZnFe-LDHs覆膜改性麦饭石的结构进行表征;通过等温吸附试验、解吸附试验、吸附动力学试验、吸附热力学试验、不同pH值条件下的吸附试验和竞争离子吸附试验,探究Zn-LDHs覆膜改性麦饭石对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附效果及其作用机理.结果表明,Zn-LDHs覆膜改性麦饭石对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附性能显著提升,其中ZnFe-LDHs覆膜改性麦饭石饱和吸附容量(2500 mg·kg~(-1))较天然麦饭石(714.29 mg·kg~(-1))提高了3.5倍;吸附时间、pH值和温度条件均对吸附容量产生影响;Zn-LDHs覆膜改性麦饭石吸附过程更符合Langmuir等温模型、准二级动力学模型、Elovich模型,为均匀的单分子层化学吸附,而天然麦饭石吸附过程符合Freundlich等温模型和准一级动力学模型,吸附类型为非均匀多分子层物理吸附;Zn-LDHs覆膜改性麦饭石热力学参数ΔG~θ0,ΔH~θ0,ΔS~θ0,说明Zn-LDHs覆膜改性麦饭石对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附是自发放热过程,天然麦饭石吸附则为自发的吸热过程.研究结果可为ZnFe-LDHs覆膜改性麦饭石有效应用于生态工程除Cd(Ⅱ)提供理论依据和技术参考.     

区域理论大气环境容量研究

根据质量守恒原理,综合考虑迁移、扩散、干湿沉降、化学转化等因素,建立了区域理论大气环境容量模型——容量箱模型,对各参数的量化提出了计算式。在考虑自然保护区、风景名胜区等环境敏感区和地形陡峭的山坡不能布置工业企业的情况下,提出了可利用大气环境容量概念。并以乐山市北部地区为例,计算了该区域的SO2理论大气环境容量,为乐山市相关管理部门进行生产力布局提供了宏观导向。     

Evaluating weather effects on interannual variation in net ecosystem productivity of a coastal temperate forest landscape: A model intercomparison

Forest productivity is strongly affected by seasonal weather patterns and by natural or anthropogenic disturbances. However weather effects on forest productivity are not currently represented in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3 used in national forest C accounting programs. To evaluate different approaches to modelling these effects, a model intercomparison was conducted among CBM-CFS3 and four process models (ecosys, CN-CLASS, Can-IBIS and 3PG) over a 2500 ha landscape in the Oyster River (OR) area of British Columbia, Canada. The process models used local weather data to simulate net primary productivity (NPP), net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and net biome productivity (NBP) from 1920 to 2005. Other inputs used by the process and inventory models were generated from soil, land cover and disturbance records. During a period of intense disturbance from 1928 to 1943, simulated NBP diverged considerably among the models. This divergence was attributed to differences among models in the sizes of detrital and humus C stocks in different soil layers to which a uniform set of soil C transformation coefficients was applied during disturbances. After the disturbance period, divergence in modelled NBP among models was much smaller, and attributed mainly to differences in simulated NPP caused by different approaches to modelling weather effects on productivity. In spite of these differences, age-detrended variation in annual NPP and NEP of closed canopy forest stands was negatively correlated with mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September (T_amax) in all process models (R² = 0.4-0.6), indicating that these correlations were robust. The negative correlation between T_amax and NEP was attributed to different processes in different models, which were tested by comparing CO₂ fluxes from these models with those measured by eddy covariance (EC) under contrasting air temperatures (T_a). The general agreement in sensitivity of annual NPP to T_amax among the process models led to the development of a generalized algorithm for weather effects on NPP of coastal temperate coniferous forests for use in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3: NPP′ = NPP − 57.1 (T_amax − 18.6), where NPP and NPP′ are the current and temperature-adjusted annual NPP estimates from the inventory-based model, 18.6 is the long-term mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September, and T_amax is the mean value for the current year. Our analysis indicated that the sensitivity of NPP to T_amax was nonlinear, so that this algorithm should not be extrapolated beyond the conditions of this study. However the process-based methodology to estimate weather effects on NPP and NEP developed in this study is widely applicable to other forest types and may be adopted for other inventory based forest carbon cycle models.     

模拟酸雨与重金属复合胁迫对绞股蓝生长及根际微生物的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了不同pH值的模拟酸雨与Zn(30和400 mg.kg-1)、Cd(1和15 mg.kg-1)单独或复合胁迫对绞股蓝(Gynostemma pentaphyllum)药用成分——总皂甙含量以及根际土壤微生物数量和组成的影响。结果表明:不同pH值的模拟酸雨均能抑制细菌、放线菌、氮素生理类群的生长,其数量随酸雨pH值的降低而不断减少;真菌、纤维素分解菌数量随酸雨pH值的降低呈先升高后降低的变化趋势;绞股蓝茎叶总皂甙含量随酸雨pH值的降低而降低。酸雨影响下,单施低浓度的Zn(30 mg.kg-1)或Cd(1 mg.kg-1)时,根际3大类群微生物、氮素生理类群、纤维素分解菌、绞股蓝总皂甙含量均高于无重金属处理;但当Zn(400 mg.kg-1)或Cd(15 mg.kg-1)处于高浓度时,它们又明显低于无重金属处理。酸雨影响下,Zn(30 mg.kg-1)或Cd(1 mg.kg-1)为低浓度水平时,Zn-Cd复合污染对根际3大类群微生物、氮素生理类群、纤维素分解菌、绞股蓝茎叶总皂甙含量影响表现为拮抗效应;Zn(400 mg.kg-1)或Cd(15 mg.kg-1)为高浓度水平时,Zn-Cd复合污染对根...     

国内医疗废物处置最佳可行性技术应用浅析

基于国际公约对最佳可行技术的有关要求,结合发达国家在医疗废物处置领域最佳可行技术的做法和经验,进行了国内医疗废物处置技术的可行性分析,并提出了我国医疗废物最佳可行技术选择建议。     

不同材料固定香菇废弃菌柄对铅和镉的吸附

研究了用聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钠(PVA-SA),海藻酸钠(SA)和琼脂三种材料固定香菇(Lentinus edodes)废弃菌柄制作成吸附小球的理化特性,初步比较了三种小球和自由菌粉的吸附能力,在此基础上进一步分析了PVA-SA香菇小球吸附Pb2+和Cd2+的动力学。结果表明,PVA-SA香菇小球的成球性,机械强度和耐酸性最好。固定小球的吸附能力比自由菌粉的有所下降,以Cd的吸附率降低幅度较大,PVA-SA香菇小球和SA香菇小球对Pb的吸附率降低幅度较小,吸附率分别为92.4%和92.7%,对Cd的吸附率分别为55.9%和58.66%。伪二级动力学模型能够很好的拟合固定小球对Pb2+和Cd2+吸附的动力学过程,相关系数R2分别为0.9999和0.9904,由伪二级动力学方程得到的Pb2+和Cd2+理论平衡吸附量qe分别为0.4926和0.1448mg/g,跟实验测定获得的数据0.4635mg/g和0.1423mg/g相近。