Research progress in microbial cytochrome P450 and xenobiotic metabolism北大核心CSCD

Cytochrome P450 (CYP450s) is a type of heme-mercaptide protein superfamily, which is distributed widely in animals, plants, and microorganisms. CYP450s can oxidize and degrade many exogenous compounds such as drugs, herbicides, pesticides, some persistent organic pollutants, and so on. Based on recent researches, this paper reviews the nomenclature, classification, structure, and catalytic mechanism of P450 enzymes, and summarizes the research progresses in the metabolism and biodegradation of xenobiotics using P450 enzymes from microorganisms. The nomenclature and classification of the P450 gene superfamily mainly rely on the similarities of amino acid sequences. Although the structures of P450 are conserved, their recognition sites towards to the substrates are variable. This is also the structural basis for the catalytic diversities of P450 enzymes. Few P450 enzymes from bacteria and fungi can metabolize and degrade xenobiotics such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, herbicides, and so on. However, these P450 enzymes are less likely be used in practical applications because of their low catalytic activities. In the future, more P450 enzymes with high degradable efficiencies towards xenobiotics are needed to be obtained using multiple omics tools or modifying the existing P450 enzymes, to achieve the bioremediation of the environment. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

P2P防污染机制的研究

文件污染是当前P2P文件共享系统普遍存在的问题,其中用户行为是导致污染的重要因素.在考察用户行为的基础上,建立了一个污染文件传播模型,描述了用户的污染意识、共享倾向等因素对污染传播的影响,并据此提出了相应的反污染机制.仿真实验表明,该机制能够有效地控制P2P文件共享系统中污染文件的传播.图6,表12.     

硅和磷配合施入对镉污染土壤的修复改良

为了研究两种改良剂配合施入对重金属污染土壤的改良效果,以棕壤为供试土壤,以玉米（OryzasativaL.）作为供试作物,采用二元二次正交回归组合设计方法,通过室外盆栽试验,研究了硅和磷配合施入对镉污染土壤中玉米生物量以及玉米茎叶中镉吸收量的影响。结果表明：硅、磷施入都能增加镉污染条件下玉米的生物量,其中磷的增产作用大于硅;硅、磷施入都能降低镉污染条件下玉米茎叶中的镉含量,硅降低玉米茎叶中镉含量的效应大于磷;硅、磷配合施入降低玉米茎叶中镉含量的效果大于上述两种改良剂单独施入。在本实验条件范围内,当硅为6.60g·kg-1,磷施入量范围在2.29～2.39g·kg-1时,玉米茎叶中镉含量为最低。因此可以由硅磷配合施入改良重金属污染的土壤。     

长期有机物循环对红壤稻田养分及水稻生长的影响

通过长期有机物循环的定位试验,研究了长期有机物循环利用对红壤稻田养分供应及水稻生长发育的影响,目的是了解长期有机物循环利用后土壤养分含量变化、水稻生长特性及两者的相关性。结果表明有机物循环明显提高了土壤有机质含量,并使土壤养分维持在一个相对较高的水平上。有机物循环处理的土壤有机质,全N、全P和全K及其有效部分的平均含量分别比无循环处理提高了445％、347％、175％、94％,特别是碱解N,速效P和速效K含量提高显著,有机物循环处理比无循环处理提高达469％、452％和347％。有机物循环利用提高了水稻分蘖数和叶面积指数,使水稻群体的透光率减少。有机物循环处理平均单叶净光合速率比无循环处理高68％,蒸腾作用比无循环处理高50％,最终表现为干物质积累量及稻谷产量的增加。对长期有机物循环利用后的红壤稻田养分指标与水稻生长指标进行逐步回归分析后发现,土壤中速效P及有机质含量的增加是促进水稻生长的主要因素.     

Integrating soil carbon cycling with that of nitrogen and phosphorus in the watershed model SWAT: Theory and model testing

In this paper we describe and test a sub-model that integrates the cycling of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) watershed model. The core of the sub-model is a multi-layer, one-pool soil organic carbon (S_C) algorithm, in which the decomposition rate of S_C and input rate to S_C (through decomposition and humification of residues) depend on the current size of S_C. The organic N and P fluxes are coupled to that of C and depend on the available mineral N and P, and the C:N and N:P ratios of the decomposing pools. Tillage explicitly affects the soil organic matter turnover rate through tool-specific coefficients. Unlike most models, the turnover of soil organic matter does not follow first order kinetics. Each soil layer has a specific maximum capacity to accumulate C or C saturation (S_x) that depends on texture and controls the turnover rate. It is shown in an analytical solution that S_x is a parameter with major influence in the model C dynamics. Testing with a 65-yr data set from the dryland wheat growing region in Oregon shows that the model adequately simulates the S_C dynamics in the topsoil (top 0.3 m) for three different treatments. Three key model parameters, the optimal decomposition and humification rates and a factor controlling the effect of soil moisture and temperature on the decomposition rate, showed low uncertainty as determined by generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation. Nonetheless, the parameter set that provided accurate simulations in the topsoil tended to overestimate S_C in the subsoil, suggesting that a mechanism that expresses at depth might not be represented in the current sub-model structure. The explicit integration of C, N, and P fluxes allows for a more cohesive simulation of nutrient cycling in the SWAT model. The sub-model has to be tested in forestland and rangeland in addition to agricultural land, and in diverse soils with extreme properties such high or low pH, an organic horizon, or volcanic soils.     

乌鲁木齐市蔬菜基地土壤有效态镉的空间变异特征

以乌鲁木齐市北郊蔬菜基地为典型区,对干旱区绿洲城市郊区土壤有效态镉含量的结构特征进行分析,得出该区有效态镉的空间分布格局,并揭示了引起这种分布格局的成因和污染来源.结果表明,乌鲁木齐市北郊蔬菜基地有效态镉属中等变异.半方差函数模型拟合表明,有效态镉含量可以用指数函数拟合,且在一定范围内存在空间相关性.采用Kriging...     

环渤海芦苇湿地磷的吸附容量及释放风险评估

滨海湿地地处陆海交汇的关键带,是磷的"汇"、"源"和"转化器",在全球磷循环过程中扮演着十分重要的角色,其对水体磷素的截留能力日益受到关注.本文以环渤海地区芦苇湿地沉积物为研究对象,利用批处理实验研究了湿地磷的吸附容量和释放风险.结果表明,湿地沉积物磷的最大吸附容量（Q_max）为693.7~2117.2 mg·kg^-1,平均值为1468.6 mg·kg^-1,Q_max的大小顺序为七里海湿地 > 北大港湿地 > 南大港湿地 > 辽河三角洲湿地 > 寿光滨海湿地 > 黄河三角洲湿地.环渤海湿地沉积物磷吸附主要受Ca、Mg和TOC含量的影响.环渤海湿地磷吸附饱和度（DPS）和释放风险指数（ERI）分别为0.28%~4.50%和0.53%~10.10%,结果表明除寿光滨海湿地磷释放风险为中度风险外,其它湿地磷释放风险较低.总之,环渤海地区芦苇湿地沉积物具有较强磷吸附能力,沉积物为水体磷的"汇",沉积物释磷风险较低.建议在环渤海污染治理过程中充分发挥滨海湿地对磷的净化拦截作用,以降低陆源污染对近海水环境的影响.     

我国林地土壤有效态镉的影响因素及拟合模型

选取全国13个具有代表性的不同气候带和植被类型的森林土壤,通过外源添加重金属镉（Cd）,比较分析土壤Cd的固-液分配系数（K_d）和有效态Cd的分布特征,探讨了土壤/土壤溶液性质对K_d及土壤有效态Cd的影响,并建立了土壤K_d及有效态Cd的拟合模型.结果表明,在不同浓度Cd处理的土壤中,其K_d值的变化范围为0.91~623.66L/kg,平均值为53.11L/kg,最大值和最小值的差异达到684.37倍;土壤孔隙水中Cd浓度（PW-Cd）的变化范围为0.309~104.450mg/L,其最大值与最小值的差异为338;DTPA提取态Cd含量（DTPA-Cd）从未添加Cd处理的本底土壤C0至最大添加量128mg/kg,其最大值与最小值的差异分别为9和1.4倍.土壤溶液pH值与lgK_d呈显著正相关（R²=0.49,P<0.001）,其与PW-Cd含量呈显著负相关（R²=0.41,P<0.05）;单一的土壤溶液Mg²⁺可解释46%的DTPA-Cd的变异.在对土壤性质的回归分析中,并未发现有单一的主控土壤性质影响Cd的固液分配,当回归方程中加入其它土壤或溶液性质时,可在一定程度上提高拟合模型的预测能力.总之,土壤溶液pH值和Mg²⁺对K_d和有效态Cd含量的影响比较显著.     

不同标准对城市土壤重金属质量分数的评价

对广州市某区城市土壤重金属污染现状进行调查,共采集土壤样品34个,分析样品中As,Hg,Cr,Cd,Ni和Pb的全量及有效态质量分数,探讨重金属元素全量和有效态质量分数之间的关系,并采用4种不同标准对结果进行了评价. 结果表明:研究区工业用地、城区和农村居住区的土壤已受到一定程度的重金属污染,且为2种或3种重金属元素的复合污染;As,Hg,Cr,Cd,Ni和Pb有效态质量分数平均值分别为0.09,0.004,0.09,0.18,0.40和32.80 mg/kg,Cd和Pb的有效态质量分数占全量的比例较高. 4种标准综合评价结果中,轻度、中度和重度污染样点数占样点总数的比例依次为国标(GB15618—1995)二级标准评价(62%)>有效态污染起始值评价(29%)>全量污染起始值评价(24%)>国标三级标准评价(21%).      

Resistance of the generalist moth Trichoplusia ni (Noctuidae) to a novel chemical defense in the invasive plant Conium maculatum

Summary. Conium maculatum is an apiaceous species native to Eurasia that is highly toxic to vertebrates due to the presence of piperidine alkaloids, including coniine and γ-coniceine. More than 200 years after invading the United States this species remains mostly free from generalist insect herbivores. The presence of novel chemical defenses in the introduced range could provide invasive species with a competitive advantage relative to native plants. The cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni) is a generalist lepidopteran found throughout the US that occasionally feeds on C. maculatum. We evaluated the toxicity of piperidine alkaloids to T. ni and determined putative resistance mechanisms, both behavioral and physiological, that allows this insect to develop successfully on C. maculatum foliage. T. ni larvae raised on diets enriched with coniine and γ-coniceine showed a decrease in consumption and longer development time, but no effects on growth were found at any alkaloid concentration. In a diet choice experiment T. ni larvae showed no avoidance of alkaloid-enriched diets, suggesting that the deterrence produced by alkaloids was related to a post-ingestive metabolic response. The ability of T. ni to consume diets high in alkaloid content could be due to at least three different mechanisms: 1) a decreased consumption rate, 2) efficient excretion of at least 1/3 of ingested alkaloids unmetabolized in frass, and 3) partial detoxification of alkaloids by cytochrome P450 s, as shown by the decreased larval growth in the presence of piperonyl butoxide, a P450 inhibitor. Even though T. ni tolerates C. maculatum alkaloids, the use of this species as a host plant could be ecologically disadvantageous due to prolonged larval growth and thus increased exposure to predators. Novel plant secondary compounds do not guarantee increased resistance to generalist herbivores.