BAT and BEP as instruments for reducing emissions of unintentionally produced POPs and development of guidelines under the stockholm convention

The 6th Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC 6), under the Stockholm Convention on POPs, gave an expert group the mandate to develop guidelines for the application and implementation of best available techniques (BAT) and best environmental practices (BEP) for the prevention and reduction of unintentionally produced and emitted POPs, including polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/-furans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB). Measures to reduce or eliminate the release of these POPs to the environment can be found in Article 5 of the Convention. BAT and BEP are already being applied as emission reduction instruments in a number of industrialised countries and are elements of other major international treaties, e.g. the UN ECE Protocol on POPs and the Marine Convention's OSPAR and HELCOM, and of the EU Directive for Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC Directive). Existing concepts are presented and compared with the requirements of the Stockholm Convention. Consequences, perspectives and questions for the future intersessional work of the above-mentioned Expert Group are discussed.     

木薯和花生间作对Cd吸收及根区速效养分的影响

木薯（Manihot esculenta Crantz）是热带和亚热带广泛种植的大生物量能源植物,在污染土壤上具有较强的生物修复潜力,花生（Arachis hypogaea）对土壤Cd具有很强的富集能力.木薯与花生间作可充分利用光热水资源,具有良好的间作优势,是近年来我国南方红壤坡耕地生态种植模式.为了解木薯与花生间作对土壤Cd吸收及根区速效养分的影响,在重金属Cd污染的小区进行了木薯单作、花生单作、木薯与花生间作的比较试验.结果表明,木薯与花生间作的产量土地当量比（LER）大于1,土地利用率提高了87.0%.与木薯单作相比,间作下木薯茎和叶w（Cd）分别降低了12.24%和19.51%,二者呈显著性差异（P < 0.05）,花生籽粒w（Cd）降低了35.38%,与单作花生差异显著（P < 0.05）.与单作下木薯和花生相比,花生、木薯总富集系数分别降低了16.32%、12.45%,间作系统对每hm2土地上Cd的富集量分别提高了10.72%、113.76%;间作下花生根区土壤w（速效氮）、w（速效磷）分别提高了18.85%、20.36%,木薯根区土壤w（速效氮）提高了21.00%,与单作下花生和木薯相比均呈显著性差异（P < 0.05）.研究显示,木薯与花生间作可提高土壤根区速效养分含量,促进作物生长,在提高作物生物量、降低作物各部位单位Cd含量的同时,可提高间作系统对土壤Cd的富集量,这种间作方式对实现两种能源植物生态修复及经济效益的整合具有重要意义.      

高分子聚合筑路剂(P.P.T)用于改善铁路路基力学特性的研究

高速、重载铁路的发展对铁路路基的稳定性、承载力提出了更高的要求,为此,笔者介绍一种运用新型高分子聚合的筑路剂——P.P.T来改善路基力学特性的方法。通过对P.P.T改良土封顶前后路基稳定性和承载力的计算和比较分析,指出其改良土在较薄封顶厚度的前提下,仍能够有效提高路基边坡的稳定性,尤其是能大幅度提高路基的容许承载力。此外,P.P.T在防治路基其他常见病害方面与传统的灰土相比也具有较大优势,实际工程应用表明,P.P.T具有较好的推广价值。     

细胞色素P450酶系作为生物标志物在毒理学上的应用

细胞色素P450酶系是一种血红素-硫铁蛋白(heme-thiolate protein)，它是由结构和功能相关的超家族(superfamily)基因编码的含铁血红素同工酶组成。对许多内源性和外源性的化学物质尤其是对环境有害化合物存在有氧氧化代谢作用以实现机体的解毒作用，但在某些情况下，外来物质可能被转化为具细胞毒性、致突变性或致癌作用更强的物质，起毒性活化作用。本文对细胞色素P450的研究简史及其作为生物标志物在毒理学上的应用作了简要的综述。提出细胞色素P450酶系在毒理学上的意义是可作为污染物潜在影响的早期预警信号系统对环境污染上物进行监测和预报，且对于制定预防性的管理措施，及时避免或减轻环境污染的损害都具有重要意义。     

INTEGRATING PHOSPHORUS AND NITROGEN DECISION MANAGEMENT AT WATERSHED SCALES1

ABSTRACT: The persistence of water quality problems has directed attention towards the reduction of agricultural nonpoint sources of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N). We assessed the practical impact of three management scenarios to reduce P and N losses from a mixed land use watershed in central Pennsylvania, USA. Using Scenario 1 (an agronomic soil P threshold of 100 mg Mehlich‐3 P kg^‐1, above which no crop response is expected), 81 percent of our watershed would receive no P as fertilizer or manure. Under Scenario 2 (an environmental soil P threshold of 195 mg Mehlich‐3 P kg^‐1, above which the loss of P in surface runoff and subsurface drainage increases greatly), restricts future P inputs in only 51 percent of the watershed. Finally, using scenario 3 (P and N indices that account for likely source and transport risks), 25 percent of the watershed was at high risk or greater of P loss, while 60 percent of the watershed was classified as of high risk of nitrate (NO₃) leaching. Areas at risk of P loss were near the stream channel, while areas at risk of NO₃ leaching were near the boundaries of the watershed, where freely draining soils and high manure and fertilizer N applications coincide. Remedial measures to minimize P export should focus on critical source areas, while remedial measures to reduce N losses should be source based, concentrating on more efficient use of N by crops.     

Nutrient cycling characteristics of Quercus acutissima and Pinus massoniana mixed forest in the Three-Gorge Reservoir area, China

The cycling characteristics of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P) and potassium(K) of the Quercus acutissima and Pinus massoniana mixed forest, which is the most common forest type in the Three Gorge Reservoir areas in China, were systematically analyzed. The results showed that N, P and K accumulated in the plant pool and in the litter pool, while total N, P, and K were deficient in the soil pool and in the forest systems. Contents of N in the soil of depth 20-40 cm were the key factor limiting growth of trees. The biological outside cycling coefficients were 8.78, 72.5 and 11.7 times of inside cycling coefficients of N, P and K, respectively. 33.92, 10.26 and 15.88 kg of N, P and K return to the litter pool from branches, leaves and throughfall per year, but, 14.31, 1.32 and 10.48 kg of N, P and K return to the soil from litter pool per year respectively. It is clear that 58% of N, 87% of P, and 34% of K are lost by surface runoff per year. 5.49%, 1.30%, and 8.34% of N, P and K withdraw from leaves to branches, 4.99%, 1.99% and 7.30% of N, P and K withdraw from branches to trunks per year,respectively.     

海河流域碳、氮、硫、磷及生态环境数据库

介绍了海河流域碳、氮、硫、磷及生态环境数据库的建库目标,指导系统分解的概念模型,选择录入数据的指标体系,数据库系统构成及所含6个子库典型输出表。做为数据库的必要功效补充,还建立了地理信息系统。整个数据库系统是在DBASE-Ⅲ、汉化地理信息系统工具和FORTRAN-77统计与模式程序包支持下,在PC/AT微机上实现的。     

Treatment of turtle-breeding wastewater and domestic fecal sewage with soil cultivating system

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Evaluation on abundance or deficiency of avai- lable trace elements in soil of middle area in China and the effect of applying trace element fertilizer

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华南二叠纪末缺氧海水中的有毒气体与生物集群绝灭

对华南P/T界线地层有机碳同位素和碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素和沉积特征进行研究表明 :二叠纪末海洋中发生了大规模海水缺氧事件 ,持续时间约 6～ 10万年 ;海洋底层存在大量的CO、CO2 、H2 S和CH4等水溶性有毒气体 ,在剧烈的火山爆发事件及相伴的温室效应影响下 ,这些气水化合物由海底及陆架沉积中快速分离释放 ,导致生物集群绝灭 ,最终造成灰岩的δ13 C值发生强烈的负漂移