3M公司与3P计划

３Ｍ公司是全球著名的跨国企业,公司的长期目标是坚持持续发展,它采取了一系列措施来保护环境,其中最为著名的是７０年代创先推出的一套工业废弃物减量计划,即“３Ｐ”计划。推行１８年中,３Ｍ公司共实施了４２００个“３Ｐ”项目,每年减少５．９×１０＾５ｔ污染物,节省了７．１亿美元。其中“全球废气排放降低计划”,预计在２０００年将３Ｍ公司在美国的废气排放总量降低到６．２ＭＭＬＢＳ,并且使废料产生量降低５０％,     

氨基苯酚类废水的络合萃取

以P2 0 4 (二 (2 乙基己基 )磷酸 )为络合剂 ,煤油为稀释剂 ,正辛醇为助溶剂 ,通过萃取 反萃取的方式 ,对氨基苯酚类废水进行处理。研究了萃取剂浓度、废水pH值和油水比O/W ,以及反萃剂浓度、反萃油水比和反萃温度对萃取效率的影响。结果表明可将原废水的CODcr值降低至 1 / 7,使之满足其它末端处理的要求 ,而且反萃工艺简单易行 ,溶剂可重复使用     

性能化防火设计中人员安全疏散的论证

性能化防火设计的根本出发点就是尽量减少火灾造成的人员伤亡和财产损失．它是一种系统的分析建筑物火灾安全问题的办法。性能化防火设计中人员能否安全疏散用可用疏散时间、所需疏散时间来判断。本文通过分析火灾时影响人员安全疏散的各主要因素．得出确定人员逃生时可用疏散时间的条件。同时分析了人员逃生时所需疏散时间的组成．讨论了预测人员疏散行动时间的简化计算方法。     

Chemical Changes in Agricultural Soils of Korea: Data Review and Suggested Countermeasures

The monitoring of chemical properties, including heavy metals, in soils is necessary if better management and remediation practices are to be established for polluted soils. The National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology initiated a monitoring study that investigated fertility and heavy metal contents of the benchmarked soils. The study covered paddy soils, upland soils, and horticultural soils in the plastic film houses, and orchard soils throughout the Korea from 1990 to 1998. Likewise,4047 samples of paddy and 2534 samples of plastic house in 1999 and 2000 were analyzed through the Soil Environment Conservation Act. Soil chemical properties such as pH, organic matter, availablephosphate and extractable calcium, magnesium and potassium contents, and heavy metal contentssuch as cadmium, copper, lead, zinc, arsenic, mercury, and cobalt contents were analyzed. The studyshowed that the average contents of organic matter, available phosphate, and extractable potassiumrapidly increased in plastic house soils than in upland or paddy soils. Two kinds of fertilizer recommendation systems were established for the study: the standard levels by national soil average data for 77 crops and the recommendation by soil test for 70 crops. Standard nitrogen fertilizer application levels for cereal crops changed from 94 kg/ha in 1960s, 99 kg/ha in 1970s, 110 kg/ha in 1980s to 90 kg/ha in 1990s. The K₂O-fertilizer also changed from 67 kg/ha in 1960s, 76 kg/ha in 1970s, 92 kg/ha in 1980s, andonly 44 kg/ha in 1990s. In rice paddy fields, the average contents of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in surface soils(0–15 cm depth) were 0.11 mg kg^–1(ranged from 0 to 1.01), 4.70 mg kg^–1(0–41.59), 4.84 mg kg^–1(0–66.44), and 4.47 mg kg^–1(0–96.70), respectively. In the uplands, the average contents of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn,and As in surface soils (0–15 cm depth) were 0.135 mg kg^–1(ranged from 0 to 0.660), 2.77 mg kg^–1(0.07–78.24), 3.47 mg kg^–1(0–43.00), 10.70 mg kg^–1(0.30–65.10), and 0.57 mg kg^–1(0.21–2.90), respectively. In plastic film houses, the average contents of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and As in surface soil were 0.12 mg kg^–1(ranging from 0 to 1.28), 4.82 mg kg^–1(0–46.50), 2.68 mg kg^–1(0–46.50), 31.19 mg kg^–1(0.19–252.0), and 0.36 mg kg^–1(0–4.98), respectively. In orchard fields, the averagecontents of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, As, and Hg in surface soils (0–20 cm depth) were 0.11 mg kg^–1(ranged from 0–0.49), 3.62 mg kg^–1(0.03–45.30), 2.30 mg kg^–1(0–27.80), 16.60 mg kg^–1(0.33–105.50),0.44 mg kg^–1(0–4.14), and 0.05 mg kg^–1(0.01–0.54), respectively. For polluted soils with over thewarning content levels of heavy metals, fine red earth application, land reconsolidation and soilamelioration such as lime, phosphate, organic manure, and submerging were recommended. For the countermeasure areas, cultivation of non-edible crops such as garden trees, flowers, and fiber crops; landreformation; and heavy application of finered earth (up to 30 cm) were strongly recommended. Landuse techniques should be changed to beharmonious with the environment to increase yield andincome. Soil function characteristics should betaken into account.     

不同磷水平对不同种源尾叶桉的生长和养分吸收的影响

选定4个尾叶桉种源在不同的施P水平下盆栽，研究它们之间在生长和P、N吸收上的遗传差异．结果显示：施P肥对尾叶桉4个种源的生长高度、生物量积累、P及N吸收有着明显的作用，种源之间在上述指标上也有着明显的差异．在低P和高P施肥条件下，这种差异不明显，最大差异出现在土壤P的临界供给范围内（每kg土壤施15－20mg的P）．施P肥还会改变苗木地上部分和地下部分的干重之比、地上部分和地下部分的P、N吸收量之比．     

太湖地区侧渗水稻土连续施磷处理下稻田磷的径流损失

太湖地区侧渗水稻土稻田磷素动态特征及其潜在环境效应的田间测试结果表明,水稻地上部收获带走的磷量平均为47.5kg·hm-2;土壤表层0—10cm富集的磷、整个稻季径流流失的溶解态磷、颗粒态磷和总磷与施磷量呈线性相关关系。水稻生长季由径流损失的总磷量约在1.3～5.1kg·hm-2,损失量随施磷量的增加而增加。过量施肥会增加磷素径流流失风险,在当地施磷量30kg·hm-2条件下,水田磷素流失量相对很小。太湖地区侧渗水稻土稻季建议施磷量为50kg·hm-2。     

磷胁迫对水稻基因型根系形态及吸收铁锰铜锌的影响

采用营养液培养方法研究了缺磷胁迫下4种水稻基因型(90-90—1、金23A、90-68-1、CDR22)的根系形态变化情况及其吸收微量元素铁、锰、铜、锌的影响。结果表明，(1)磷胁迫下，每个基因型在磷胁迫下其根系形态发生了明显变化、如根长、根冠比均呈增加趋势，并且根表有红棕色铁氧化物膜包被。(2)磷胁迫下根系形态的变化影响了水稻对生长介质中铁、锰、铜、锌的吸收：正常水稻植株中铁、锰、锌的含量高于磷胁迫植株，其中磷营养状况对水稻吸收铁、锰影响最明显；而磷营养状况对水稻植株铜含量的影响与铁、锰、锌正好相反，且影响程度较小。     

水稻耐低磷特性研究

选取3个耐低磷水稻基因型99011、580、99112和1个磷敏感基因型99056为供试材料，采用营养液和石英砂培养的方法，研究了与磷效率相关的一些指标．结果表明，99011和580均具有较高的磷吸收效率和利用效率，其中根长是99011高效吸收的重要贡献因子，其次它对难溶性磷有一定的活化吸收能力；580不仅对难溶性磷的活化吸收能力最强，而且善于从低浓度的磷环境中吸收较多的磷；而99112主要靠被动适应生态环境来表现它的耐低磷特性，与磷吸收效率相关的次级因子表现不佳，是99056对低磷反应敏感的主要原因．图3表4参16     

牡丹江市大气环境容量的核定

对牡丹江市大气环境容量测算工作进行了研究.在此次大气环境容量测算研究中,容量测算污染因子确定为SO2、PM10和NO2三项,容量测算基准年定为2006年.牡丹江市各郊县均未设置常规监测点位,且未进行功能区划分工作,以A-P值法为牡丹江市大气环境容量测算的适用模型,计算出大气环境容量现状.大气环境容量测算的范围为牡丹江市,研究工作为牡丹江市合理管理和利用大气环境容量提供了科学依据,为今后牡丹江市进一步进行大气环境容量测算工作打下基础.     

四川盆地果梅生产的气候生态适宜性研究

根据果梅对环境条件的要求，通过对其分布地区的气侯特征和生态表现的调查分析，本文提出以年均温和１月均温为果梅生态适宜性划分的依据．根据四川盆地的气候特点．提出了果梅栽培的最适区、适宜区和次适宜区．本文对四川盆地发展果海生产．提高经济效益，改善生态环境具有一定的指导意义．