A hydrodynamic and water quality modeling study of spatial and temporal patterns of phytoplankton growth in a stratified lake with buoyant incoming flow

A three-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model was applied to Lake Paldang, a lake in South Korea that is stratified by incoming flows. The spatial and temporal patterns of phytoplankton growth in this lake were determined from the model. The model was calibrated and verified using data measured under different hydrological conditions. The model results were in reasonable agreement with the field measurements, in both the calibration and verification phases. The distributions of water quality and residence time in the lake and phytoplankton response to changes in nutrient loads were examined with the model, and the influence of the hydrodynamics on phytoplankton response was analyzed. The simulation results indicated that Lake Paldang is an essentially phosphorus-limited system, but that phytoplankton growth is limited by low water temperature and short residence time during the winter and the summer monsoon period, respectively. The results of sensitivity analyses also suggested that the hydrodynamics within the lake may have an indirect influence on phytoplankton responses to changes in the limiting nutrient loads, and that reducing phosphorus loading from Kyoungan Stream should be a high priority policy for controlling algal blooms during the pre- and post-monsoon periods. From this study, it was concluded that the three-dimensional water quality model incorporating hydrodynamic processes could successfully simulate phytoplankton response to changes in nutrient loads and that it could become a useful tool for identifying the essential factors determining phytoplankton growth and for developing the best management policy for algal blooms in Lake Paldang.     

Streptomyces venezuelae GY1产聚乙烯醇降解酶的培养条件

放线菌StreptomycesvenezuelaeGY1产生的聚乙烯醇(PVA)降解酶是一种诱导酶.以4种不同类型的PVA为唯一碳源时,该菌株单位质量细胞产酶能力比以糖类物质为唯一碳源时提高10倍以上.聚合度和醇解度最高的PVA1799是该菌株产生PVA降解酶的适宜底物,其浓度为1gL-1时,PVA降解酶的产量为120u/g(细胞).培养基中PVA1799浓度由1gL-1上升到5gL-1时,该菌株单位质量细胞产酶能力下降73%,表明PVA1799浓度过高会抑制产酶.GY1菌株产酶的最适温度和pH分别为30℃和7.0.在GY1菌株生长过程中控制以下条件有利于产生PVA降解酶:(1)保持培养体系中较高的溶氧水平;(2)在氮源中补充NO-3;(3)在一定浓度范围内添加MgSO4·7H2O、CaCl2、MnSO4、BaCl2、ZnSO4、FeSO4·7H2O和CuSO4等金属盐.Pseudomonassp.产生的PVA降解酶能够作用伯醇或仲醇类化合物,以这些伯醇或仲醇类化合物代替培养基中的PVA,不能诱导GY1菌株产生PVA降解酶;而在培养基中有PVA存在时,再添加0.5gL-1的3戊醇和环己醇能够明显促进PVA降解酶的产生(单位质量细胞产酶能力分别提高了21%和32%).图8表1参10     

不同土地利用方式下土壤微生物数量与土壤肥力的关系

选取了6种不同土地利用方式,分别对土壤微生物数量变化及其与土壤养分的相互关系进行了研究,结果表明,不同土地利用方式下土壤微生物总量各有差异,具体表现为干鱼塘底泥>菜地>水稻田>果园>粮作旱地>荒草地;但从土壤微生物多样性指数来看,则表现为粮作旱地>菜地>果园>荒地>水稻田>鱼塘底泥。土壤中微生物总量与微生物多样性指数二者的变化趋势不一致,因此评价土壤生物多样性指数应将二者结合起来。微生物数量与土壤大多数养分含量(除有效磷和全钾之外)之间存在着一定的正相关关系,即土壤微生物数量随土壤养分含量的增加而增加。     

不同利用方式下吴江市耕地土壤环境质量变化

土地利用方式的不同影响着土壤环境质量的变化。文章采用了2003年江苏省吴江市耕地质量监测中资料,分析了6种不同土地利用方式下的土壤养分及Pb、Cr、Hg、As、Cd等5种重金属元素全量的变化,并采用土壤质量综合指数(SQI)法计算不同利用下的土壤环境质量指数。结果表明:近20多年来,吴江市土地利用方式发生了明显的变化,这种变化对本土壤养分和重金属含量产生了十分明显的影响。在稻田、林地、桑园、菜地、果园、旱地六种吴江常见的土地利用方式中,稻田土壤环境质量综合指数显著高于其他利用下,而其他五种利用方式下土壤质量的差别不明显。可见稻田不仅是一种太湖地区传统的利用方式,更是保持环境质量相对最佳的土地利用方式。     

Nutrient cycling characteristics of Quercus acutissima and Pinus massoniana mixed forest in the Three Gorge Reservoir area, China

The cycling characteristics of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P) and potassium(K) of the Quercus acutissima and Pinus massonianamixed forest which is the most common forest type in the Three Gorge Reservoir areas in China, were systematically analyzed. The results showed that N, P and K accumulated in the plant pool and in the litter pool, while total N, P, and K were deficient in the soil pool and in the forest systems. Contents of N in the soil of depth 20—40 cm were the key factor limiting growth of trees. The biological outside cycling coefficients were 8.78, 72.5 and 11.7 times of inside cycling coefficients of N, P and K, respectively. 33.92, 10.26 and 15.88 kg of N, P and K return to the litter pool from branches, leaves and throughfall per year, but, 14.31, 1.32 and 10.48 kg of N, P and K return to the soil from litter pool per year respectively. It is clear that 58% of N, 87% of P, and 34% of K are lost by surface runoff per year. 5.49%, 1.30%, and 8.34% of N, P and K withdraw from leaves to branches, 4.99%, 1.99% and 7.30% of N, P and K withdraw from branches to trunks per year, respectively.     

抚顺市地表水环境容量分析

为控制抚顺市地表水的污染提供科学的依据，通过对地表水环境容量的计算，经过分析确定了抚顺市地表水可利用的水环境容量。     

性能化防火设计中人员安全疏散的论证

性能化防火设计的根本出发点就是尽量减少火灾造成的人员伤亡和财产损失．它是一种系统的分析建筑物火灾安全问题的办法。性能化防火设计中人员能否安全疏散用可用疏散时间、所需疏散时间来判断。本文通过分析火灾时影响人员安全疏散的各主要因素．得出确定人员逃生时可用疏散时间的条件。同时分析了人员逃生时所需疏散时间的组成．讨论了预测人员疏散行动时间的简化计算方法。     

大气湿沉降对营养盐向长江口输入及水域富营养化的影响

通过对收集资料的分析,初步探讨了大气湿沉降对营养盐向长江口输入及其富营养化的影响。结果表明长江口区降水中无机氮浓度从上世纪90年代开始呈增长的趋势,到90年代后期又有所下降,但仍保持较高的水平.长江口湿沉降的营养盐年输入通量远小于河流,但短期输入通量很大.降水过程本身可形成很重要的非点源污染,加速水域短期富营养化,此外降水会改变表层的营养盐结构、盐度、pH等,进而影响到水域生物的群落结构.随着城市化的不断发展,长江三角洲地区降水增加,暴雨出现日数增多,降水对河口水域富营养化的短期效应更加突出,应引起广泛关注.     

Chemical Changes in Agricultural Soils of Korea: Data Review and Suggested Countermeasures

The monitoring of chemical properties, including heavy metals, in soils is necessary if better management and remediation practices are to be established for polluted soils. The National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology initiated a monitoring study that investigated fertility and heavy metal contents of the benchmarked soils. The study covered paddy soils, upland soils, and horticultural soils in the plastic film houses, and orchard soils throughout the Korea from 1990 to 1998. Likewise,4047 samples of paddy and 2534 samples of plastic house in 1999 and 2000 were analyzed through the Soil Environment Conservation Act. Soil chemical properties such as pH, organic matter, availablephosphate and extractable calcium, magnesium and potassium contents, and heavy metal contentssuch as cadmium, copper, lead, zinc, arsenic, mercury, and cobalt contents were analyzed. The studyshowed that the average contents of organic matter, available phosphate, and extractable potassiumrapidly increased in plastic house soils than in upland or paddy soils. Two kinds of fertilizer recommendation systems were established for the study: the standard levels by national soil average data for 77 crops and the recommendation by soil test for 70 crops. Standard nitrogen fertilizer application levels for cereal crops changed from 94 kg/ha in 1960s, 99 kg/ha in 1970s, 110 kg/ha in 1980s to 90 kg/ha in 1990s. The K₂O-fertilizer also changed from 67 kg/ha in 1960s, 76 kg/ha in 1970s, 92 kg/ha in 1980s, andonly 44 kg/ha in 1990s. In rice paddy fields, the average contents of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in surface soils(0–15 cm depth) were 0.11 mg kg^–1(ranged from 0 to 1.01), 4.70 mg kg^–1(0–41.59), 4.84 mg kg^–1(0–66.44), and 4.47 mg kg^–1(0–96.70), respectively. In the uplands, the average contents of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn,and As in surface soils (0–15 cm depth) were 0.135 mg kg^–1(ranged from 0 to 0.660), 2.77 mg kg^–1(0.07–78.24), 3.47 mg kg^–1(0–43.00), 10.70 mg kg^–1(0.30–65.10), and 0.57 mg kg^–1(0.21–2.90), respectively. In plastic film houses, the average contents of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and As in surface soil were 0.12 mg kg^–1(ranging from 0 to 1.28), 4.82 mg kg^–1(0–46.50), 2.68 mg kg^–1(0–46.50), 31.19 mg kg^–1(0.19–252.0), and 0.36 mg kg^–1(0–4.98), respectively. In orchard fields, the averagecontents of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, As, and Hg in surface soils (0–20 cm depth) were 0.11 mg kg^–1(ranged from 0–0.49), 3.62 mg kg^–1(0.03–45.30), 2.30 mg kg^–1(0–27.80), 16.60 mg kg^–1(0.33–105.50),0.44 mg kg^–1(0–4.14), and 0.05 mg kg^–1(0.01–0.54), respectively. For polluted soils with over thewarning content levels of heavy metals, fine red earth application, land reconsolidation and soilamelioration such as lime, phosphate, organic manure, and submerging were recommended. For the countermeasure areas, cultivation of non-edible crops such as garden trees, flowers, and fiber crops; landreformation; and heavy application of finered earth (up to 30 cm) were strongly recommended. Landuse techniques should be changed to beharmonious with the environment to increase yield andincome. Soil function characteristics should betaken into account.     

不同磷水平对不同种源尾叶桉的生长和养分吸收的影响

选定4个尾叶桉种源在不同的施P水平下盆栽，研究它们之间在生长和P、N吸收上的遗传差异．结果显示：施P肥对尾叶桉4个种源的生长高度、生物量积累、P及N吸收有着明显的作用，种源之间在上述指标上也有着明显的差异．在低P和高P施肥条件下，这种差异不明显，最大差异出现在土壤P的临界供给范围内（每kg土壤施15－20mg的P）．施P肥还会改变苗木地上部分和地下部分的干重之比、地上部分和地下部分的P、N吸收量之比．