银杏叶中有效成分的提取

通过使用不同溶剂比较了两种装置提取银杏叶中有效成分的优缺点。结果表明，简易装置所用时间较短、收率较高且操作简单方便；利用95％乙醇作为提取剂在使用简易装置时，银杏叶粗提物得率最高。     

Vent Sizing Criteria for Partial Volume Deflagration

The accidental spill of volatile solvents or the release of flammable gases within equipment and buildings is likely to form fuel concentration gradients unless efficient mixing is provided. As a consequence, even small amounts of fuel can form flammable clouds, and partial volume deflagrations may occur. Nevertheless, few indications are given in international guidelines for vent sizing and only over-conservative well-mixed stoichiometric assumptions are used. In this paper, we propose a predictive methodology for the evaluation of the dynamics of partial volume deflagration, aiming at defining useful correlations for the design of vent devices, starting from the fundamental equation for the rate of pressure rise and flame propagation in closed vessel. We define a ‘stratified gas deflagration index’ K_G(m), where m is the filling ratio, and use it with the most common design equations for vent sizing. The approach has been validated by means of a CFD code for the simulation of stratified laminar methane–air explosion by varying both filling ratio and volume.     

液化石油气钢瓶长径比研究

分析钢瓶的长度和直径之比(长径比)对容积变形率的影响,在材料相同的条件下,长径比大的气瓶的容积变形率的要求也相应提高。笔者分别从钢瓶的边界效应、冲压工艺、制造经济性3个方面探讨了液化石油气钢瓶的合适长径比,并综合提出了液化石油气钢瓶的长径比的适宜范围为0.8～1.6。     

含炭织物材料的吸附性能比较研究

本文以三类典型含炭织物材料为研究对象,对它们的孔结构、吸苯量和吸二正丙基硫醚（DPS）量进行测试。结果表明：三种含炭织物材料的吸附性能有较大差异,且其微孔容积与静态吸苯量和吸DPS量之间的关系呈线性关系。     

建筑物最佳机械排烟量的研究

基于工程性能的防排烟设计,最佳机械排烟量的确定是个关键性的问题。在分析火灾中烟流性状的基础上,给出了火灾安全疏散判别依据,从烟控系统性能化设计的角度提出了最佳机械排烟量的基本思想,并利用实例进行了验证。计算结果表明:综合了安全性和经济性的最佳排烟量定义是正确的,该建筑物的最佳机械排烟量为72m3/(h.m2)。研究成果对建筑物防排烟系统的性能化设计具有重要参考价值。     

Estimation of PM_(10) in the trafc-related atmosphere for three road types in Beijing and Guangzhou,China

The levels of roadside PM10in Beijing, China, were investigated in 2011 and 2012 on a seasonal basis to estimate the population exposure to particulates for three road types. The measurements of PM10 were also conducted in the southern Chinese megacity of Guangzhou for comparison purposes. The results showed that roadside PM10in Beijing correlated strongly with the PM10background in the urban atmosphere. The levels of PM10in street canyons were markedly higher than those along the open roads and in crossroad areas because of limited ventilation. An elevation of PM10was observed in April, which was possibly due to the sand storms that frequently occur in the spring. Based on these observations, roadside PM10in Beijing could have multiple origins and was to some extent dispersiongoverned. In Guangzhou, the roadside PM10did not closely relate to the background values. The PM10 pollution was greatly afected by local trafc conditions. The simulation of PM10 for diferent road types was completed during the study period using the Motor Vehicle Emissions Factor Model(MOBILE6.2) as an emission model and the California Line Source Dispersion Model(CALINE4) and Operational Street Pollution Model(OSPM) as dispersion models. The MOBILE6.2/CALINE4 software package was demonstrated to be sufcient for the simulation of PM10in the open roads and crossroad areas in both Beijing and Guangzhou, and the simulation results of roadside PM10 in the street canyons by the MOBILE6.2/OSPM package were in close agreement with those of the measurements.     

城市污水厂活性污泥中胞外聚合物与工艺运行及污泥沉降性能的相关性分析

胞外聚合物(Extracellular polymeric substance,EPS)的组分及含量是影响活性污泥性能的重要因素之一.本研究在测定不同城市污水处理厂活性污泥中EPS的基础上,分析水质情况与运行条件对EPS组分的影响.结果表明:蛋白质为EPS的主要组分,约占25%~63%;腐殖酸次之,占21%~50%;DNA和多糖的含量较少.同是A~2O工艺的2个污水厂的污泥沉降性能和粒径分布差异较大.根据Pearson分析结果,在污泥微膨胀和正常状态下,EPS总量与污泥体积指数(Sludge Volume Index,SVI)及粒径分布没有明显的相关性,但腐殖酸和DNA均与SVI呈正相关.处理工艺的水力停留时间与EPS总量负相关,但污水中有机物含量对EPS的含量及组分没有影响.EPS中多糖含量与脱氮除磷过程显著相关,多糖可以作为脱氮除磷过程的有机碳源.污泥龄影响EPS中蛋白质与多糖的比值.因此,污水水质、工艺类型及运行条件不同程度的影响EPS的组分及含量,进而影响处理效果.     

县域尺度土壤铜的有效性及相关影响因素评估

了解土壤重金属相关属性(如全量、有效态含量等)的空间分布状况及相关环境因子对其有效性的空间非平稳影响,对土壤重金属风险区域的划定和空间调控措施的制定具有重要作用.本研究基于张家港市357个土壤样本数据,首先探讨了土壤类型和土地利用类型对土壤有效铜的影响.然后采用普通克里格预测了该区域土壤全铜和有效铜的含量,计算得到其有效性比率(即有效铜/全铜)的空间分布状况,并结合有效铜及其有效性比率划定了土壤有效铜的风险调控区域.最后,采用一种空间局部回归技术,地理加权回归(GWR)探索了土壤有效铜与3个主要土壤因子(即土壤全铜、pH和SOM)之间的空间局部回归关系.结果表明,土壤类型和土地利用类型均对土壤有效铜含量存在一定程度的影响.土壤铜的有效性比率具有较强的空间异质性,其变化范围在13.56%~29.15%.模型对比结果显示,GWR模型较传统的普通最小二乘回归(OLSR)模型具有更高的拟合精度(即较大的决定系数R2,较小的AICc信息准则和残差平方和).GWR分析结果显示,各土壤因子对土壤有效铜的影响在空间上是非稳态的.GWR模型能有效地揭示相关土壤属性对土壤有效铜的空间非平稳影响,其结果可解释局部区域土壤有效铜累积的原因.基于上述分析结果,可以为该研究区域内土壤有效铜的调控提供具体的空间决策支持.     

夏季太湖光学介质获取的光合有效辐射能量谱随深度变化规律的研究

根据2006-07-29～2006-08-01太湖41个站点测定的水体上、下行辐照度、非藻类颗粒物、浮游植物及有色溶解有机物(chromophoric dissolved organic matter, CDOM)的吸收系数,计算了单位水体中各介质所吸收光合有效辐射能量谱随深度的变化.结果表明,单位水体中的浮游植物获取光合有效辐射能量的标准化谱在表层有2个主峰,分别位于450 nm左右和675 nm左右,随着深度增加,位于450 nm左右的峰逐渐减弱,在藻型湖区和湖心区,衰减尤为明显,且该峰对应的波长出现红移现象;浮游植物获取的主要光能来源随深度的增加逐渐由400～500 nm和600～700 nm向600～700 nm过渡,在草型湖区的过渡速度相对缓慢,而在梅梁湾（藻型湖区）和湖心区却很快;单位水体中的非藻类颗粒物在表层获取的能量主要来自400～500 nm,但随深度的增加,其获取的能量主要来自500～600 nm;单位水体中CDOM获取光合有效辐射能量随深度的变化特征类似于非藻类颗粒物,但在草型湖区,其在500～600 nm获取能量的优势不如非藻类颗粒物明显.     

水处理用纤维素载体的降解及生物膜附着性能

研究了纤维素载体性能和生态因子(温度、底物浓度、pH)对载体降解和生物膜附着情况的影响.结果表明.未改性、交联、交联且阳离子化处理后载体最终平均降解率分别为55.2%、23.9%、20.5%;单位质量阳离子化载体的生物膜附着量最大,达0.247 g·g-1.纤维索载体可为细菌补充碳源,进而促进载体初期降解,可使废水中sO24-降解率最多提高51%.pH为5.0-6.5条件下,随着pH值的升高载体最终降解率下降,生物膜附着量增大.