Vehicular volatile organic compounds losses due to refueling and diurnal process in China: 2010–2050

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are crucial to control air pollution in major Chinese cities since VOCs are the dominant factor influencing ambient ozone level, and also an important precursor of secondary organic aerosols. Vehicular evaporative emissions have become a major and growing source of VOC emissions in China. This study consists of lab tests, technology evaluation, emissions modeling, policy projections and cost-benefit analysis to draw a roadmap for China for controlling vehicular evaporative emissions. The analysis suggests that evaporative VOC emissions from China's light-duty gasoline vehicles were approximately 185,000 ton in 2010 and would peak at 1,200,000 ton in 2040 without control. The current control strategy implemented in China, as shown in business as usual (BAU) scenario, will barely reduce the long-term growth in emissions. Even if Stage II gasoline station vapor control policies were extended national wide (BAU + extended Stage II), there would still be over 400,000 ton fuel loss in 2050. In contrast, the implementation of on-board refueling vapor recovery (ORVR) on new cars could reduce 97.5% of evaporative VOCs by 2050 (BAU + ORVR/BAU + delayed ORVR). According to the results, a combined Stage II and ORVR program is a comprehensive solution that provides both short-term and long-term benefits. The net cost to achieve the optimal total evaporative VOC control is approximately 62 billion CNY in 2025 and 149 billion CNY in 2050.     

苏州市主要工业污染物排放强度研究

污染物排放强度反映单位新创造经济价值的环境负荷大小.运用均方差赋权法对苏州市各地区的工业废水量、工业化学需氧量、工业氨氮、工业二氧化硫、工业氮氧化物、工业烟(粉)尘等6种主要污染物排放强度进行评价,结果表明,六种主要污染物排放强度综合评价的全市平均水平为15.08.然后分别计算各地区的污染物排放强度降低潜力,结果表明,主要污染物排放强度减排潜力存在区域间差异.最后提出促进污染物排放强度降低的一些建议.     

Monthly survey of N-nitrosamine yield in a conventional water treatment plant in North China

A sampling campaign was conducted monthly to investigate the occurrence of N-nitrosamines at a conventional water treatment plant in one city in North China. The yield of N-nitrosamines in the treated water indicated precursors changed greatly after the source water switching. Average concentrations of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR), and N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) in the finished water were 6.9, 3.3, and 3.1 ng/L, respectively, from June to October when the Luan River water was used as source water, while those of NDMA, N-nitrosomethylethylamine (NMEA), and NPYR in the finished water were 10.1, 4.9, and 4.7 ng/L, respectively, from November to next April when the Yellow River was used. NDMA concentration in the finished water was frequently over the 10 ng/L, i.e., the notification level of California, USA, which indicated a considerable threat to public health. Weak correlations were observed between N-nitrosamine yield and typical water quality parameters except for the dissolved organic nitrogen.     

Investigation of carbonyl compound sources at a rural site in the Yangtze River Delta region of China

Carbonyl compounds are important intermediates in atmospheric photochemistry, but their primary sources are still not understood well. In this work, carbonyls, hydrocarbons, and alkyl nitrates were continuously measured during November 2011 at a rural site in the Yangtze River Delta region of China. Mixing ratios of carbonyls and hydrocarbons showed large fluctuations during the entire measurement. The average level for total measured volatile organic compounds during the pollution episode from 25th to 27th November, 2011 was 91.6 ppb, about 7 times the value for the clean period of 7th–8th, November, 2011. To preliminarily identify toluene sources at this site, the emission ratio of toluene to benzene (T/B) during the pollution episode was determined based on photochemical ages derived from the relationship of alkyl nitrates to their parent alkanes. The calculated T/B was 5.8 ppb/ppb, significantly higher than the values of 0.2–1.7 ppb/ppb for vehicular exhaust and other combustion sources, indicating the dominant influence of industrial emissions on ambient toluene. The contributions of industrial sources to ambient carbonyls were then calculated using a multiple linear regression fit model that used toluene and alkyl nitrates as respective tracers for industrial emission and secondary production. During the pollution episode, 18.5%, 69.0%, and 52.9% of measured formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone were considered to be attributable to industrial emissions. The emission ratios relative to toluene for formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone were determined to be 0.10, 0.20 and 0.40 ppb/ppb, respectively. More research on industrial carbonyl emission characteristics is needed to understand carbonyl sources better.     

Greenhouse gas emission and its potential mitigation process from the waste sector in a large-scale exhibition

As one of the largest human activities, World Expo is an important source of anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas emission (GHG), and the GHG emission and other environmental impacts of the Expo Shanghai 2010, where around 59,397 tons of waste was generated during 184 Expo running days, were assessed by life cycle assessment (LCA). Two scenarios, i.e., the actual and expected figures of the waste sector, were assessed and compared, and 124.01 kg CO₂-equivalent (CO₂-eq.), 4.43 kg SO₂-eq., 4.88 kg NO₃^--eq., and 3509 m³ water per ton tourist waste were found to be released in terms of global warming (GW), acidification (AC), nutrient enrichment (NE) and spoiled groundwater resources (SGWR), respectively. The total GHG emission was around 3499 ton CO₂-eq. from the waste sector in Expo Park, among which 86.47% was generated during the waste landfilling at the rate of 107.24 kg CO₂-eq., and CH₄, CO and other hydrocarbons (HC) were the main contributors. If the waste sorting process had been implemented according to the plan scenario, around 497 ton CO₂-eq. savings could have been attained. Unlike municipal solid waste, with more organic matter content, an incineration plant is more suitable for tourist waste disposal due to its high heating value, from the GHG reduction perspective.     

郑州市碳排放量现状与预测分析研究

郑州市是中原经济区核心城市,无论是在经济社会发展还是低碳节能方面都有示范效应,碳排放强度的有效下降对于城市减排具有重要的借鉴意义.通过系统测算2005年-2012年郑州市碳源排放量及碳汇吸收量,分析碳排放量、人均碳排放量及碳排放强度等现状,然后运用IPAT模型,对郑州市碳排放强度进行情景分析和预测.结果表明,郑州市有较大减排潜力,应在满足减排要求前提下,实现经济与环境的可持续发展.     

稻壳混煤燃烧对NOx排放的影响

本文利用循环流化床实验平台分析稻壳混煤燃烧对NOx排放的影响。结果表明,贫煤混合稻壳后燃烧,当燃烧温度恒定时,NOx的排放量随着燃料中稻壳所占比重增加而降低;当燃料中稻壳所占比重恒定时,NOx的排放量随着燃烧温度的升高而增加。     

云南省涉汞重点排放源及区域环境介质监控方案与可行性分析

介绍了重点排放源及区域环境介质汞污染防治监控方案,做了可行性分析,希望对汞污染防治有所启发。     

石化企业挥发性有机化合物泄漏排放量评估方法

介绍了石化企业生产过程中的泄漏排放源以及在开展泄漏检测与修复(LDAR)的工作中,对挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)的泄漏排放量进行估算的多种方法,结合石化生产装置泄漏排放量估算实例给出了较为常用的两种美国环保署关于石化企业VOCs泄漏排放量的估算模型。     

泄漏检测与维修技术在乙烯裂解装置的应用研究

介绍了泄漏检测与维修(LDAR)技术在9套乙烯裂解装置中的应用情况,对泄漏检测数据进行了统计分析。根据不同密封类型、不同装置区域、不同检测数据区间的泄漏率、泄漏量,探讨了乙烯裂解装置挥发性有机物(VOCs)的泄漏规律,同时对泄漏原因进行了分析,根据泄漏点修复率和VOCs减排量对维修效果进行了评估。