我国四个大气背景点颗粒物浓度及其元素分布特征

选择全国由南至北的4个大气背景站(广东南岭、湖北神农架、山西庞泉沟和吉林长白山),于2013年分4个季度同步采集环境空气颗粒物PM10和PM2.5样品,采用微波消解电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定滤膜样品中60余种元素.结果表明,4个背景点PM2.5日均质量浓度平均值为17μg·m-3,PM10为29μg·m-3,低于《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)规定的一级浓度限值.第一季度的PM10和PM2.5最高,除长白山第三季度高于第四季度之外,其他3个点位均呈现第二季度第四季度第三季度的趋势.PM2.5和PM10二者呈线性正相关,4个季度的PM2.5/PM10比值均小于0.5,第二、第三季度较高,而第一、第四季度较低.PM10和PM2.5中元素随季节变化不大,PM2.5含量在同一水平上低于PM10.Na、Mg、Al、S、K、Ca、Fe、Zn质量浓度在0.1—10μg·m-3之间,P、Ti、Mn、Ni、Cu、Ba、Pb质量浓度在10—100 ng·m-3之间,Cd、Co、Ge、Ga、Zr、Sr、V等质量浓度在0.01—10 ng·m-3之间.K、Al、Ca含量大于10%,S、Mg、Na、Fe、Zn、Pb、Mn含量大于1%,Cu、P、Ba、Ti量介于0.5%—1%,其他痕量元素含量所占比例小于0.5%.     

京津冀与长三角地区氢氯氟碳化物本底特征

基于北京上甸子与浙江临安区域大气本底站2011—2019年氢氯氟碳化物(HCFCs)采样观测数据,开展了京津冀与长三角地区6种HCFCs(HCFC-22、HCFC-141b、HCFC-142b、HCFC-124、HCFC-132b和HCFC-133a)本底特征研究。研究结果表明:临安站HCFCs浓度水平和浓度变率比上甸子站明显更高,尤其是HCFC-133a,其浓度及浓度变率均比上甸子站高1个量级,表明长三角地区HCFCs排放量可能较京津冀地区更大。2个站点HCFCs本底浓度基本一致,差异范围为-6.1%~7.1%。上甸子站本底数据占比为26.4%~69.0%,而临安站本底数据占比不足23%。在《关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书》的约束下,2个站点多数HCFCs年均浓度呈下降趋势或变化较小。2个站点HCFC-132b浓度相对较低,但2019年相比2018年有明显升高。结合风向进行分析,发现上甸子站HCFC-22、HCFC-141b、HCFC-142b和HCFC-132b高浓度水平主要由西南扇区(北京城区方向)的WSW、SSW及SW方向贡献,而HCFC-124和HCFC-133a在各风向上的浓度和载荷差异较小。临安站HCFC-124高浓度水平主要由SSE和NNE方向贡献,分别对应金华和湖州方向;其他5种HCFCs的高浓度水平主要由东北扇区的ENE方向贡献,对应杭州城区方向。     

Determination activity of radionuclides in marine sediment by gamma spectrometer with anti cosmic shielding

In this work, the activities of radionuclides in a marine sediment sample have been determined. The gamma spectrometer comprises an N type coaxial HPGe detector with active shielding to reduce cosmic background. The mass activities of radionuclides have been derived and found to be around a few Bq kg⁻¹ to several hundreds Bq kg⁻¹ with relative uncertainties in this paper quoted corresponding to the combined standard uncertainties (k = 1).     

临安区域本底站大气甲烷浓度变化特征

通过分析2006年8月～2009年7月临安区域大气本底站Flask瓶采样获得的CH4浓度特征,结合地面风向、后向轨迹、排放清单,研究了CH4浓度变化特征和长三角地区排放源对CH4浓度的影响作用。结果表明,临安区域大气本底站的CH4浓度分布在1 7584×10-9~1 9700×10-9,具有较明显的季节波动变化特征,浓度季节变化幅度为737×10-9;CH4浓度平均年增幅达176×10-9,增速较快。东北风和东南风时,CH4浓度较高;西南风时CH4浓度较低。导致CH4高浓度分布的气团主要来自临安站的东北、偏东方向;导致CH4低浓度分布的气团集中在西南 偏南     

Determining metal origins and availability in fluvial deposits by analysis of geochemical baselines and solid-solution partitioning measurements and modelling

Metals in floodplain soils and sediments (deposits) can originate from lithogenic and anthropogenic sources, and their availability for uptake in biota is hypothesized to depend on both origin and local sediment conditions. In criteria-based environmental risk assessments, these issues are often neglected, implying local risks to be often over-estimated. Current problem definitions in river basin management tend to require a refined, site-specific focus, resulting in a need to address both aspects. This paper focuses on the determination of local environmental availabilities of metals in fluvial deposits by addressing both the origins of the metals and their partitioning over the solid and solution phases. The environmental availability of metals is assumed to be a key force influencing exposure levels in field soils and sediments. Anthropogenic enrichments of Cu, Zn and Pb in top layers could be distinguished from lithogenic background concentrations and described using an aluminium-proxy. Cd in top layers was attributed to anthropogenic enrichment almost fully. Anthropogenic enrichments for Cu and Zn appeared further to be also represented by cold 2 M HNO₃ extraction of site samples. For Pb the extractions over-estimated the enrichments. Metal partitioning was measured, and measurements were compared to predictions generated by an empirical regression model and by a mechanistic-kinetic model. The partitioning models predicted metal partitioning in floodplain deposits within about one order of magnitude, though a large inter-sample variability was found for Pb.     

有机酸对长江三角洲大气背景区降水酸化的影响

为了揭示有机酸对长江三角洲区域降水酸化的影响,2008年在浙江临安区域大气本底站采集了35场降水的样本,用离子色谱梯度淋洗方法测定有机酸浓度.结果表明,甲酸、乙酸、甲磺酸、乙二酸、丙二酸、丁二酸、戊二酸均有不同程度检出,一元有机酸中甲酸和乙酸在每场降水中均有检出;二元有机酸中,乙二酸和丁二酸检出率很高,其他有机酸检出率较低.甲酸、乙酸和乙二酸约占检测到的总有机酸的89%,其中甲酸和乙酸占总有机酸的80%,约占阴离子总量的13%;甲酸、乙酸、总有机酸的浓度及其在阴离子总量中所占比例都远高于我国北京、深圳等城市,有机酸对长江三角洲大气背景区降水化学的影响比城市地区显著.另外,生长季节降水中有机酸浓度高于非生长季节,表明植被排放的有机酸是长江三角洲大气背景区降水中有机酸的重要来源.     

辽河平原土壤背景值区域特征及分布规律

本文对辽河平原各土类、亚类、土属、区域土壤背景值含量范围和区域特征进行了探讨,并列出该区土壤元素间相互关系回归方程和相关矩阵,研究结果表明:(1)该区多数土壤元素含量处于世界土壤元素含量的下限;(2)土壤变异系数多为30—50%;(3)各剖面中元素迁移系数为0.9—1.0;(4)土壤元素背景值分布规律为东南部大于西、北部。     

沙尘暴降尘对甘肃大气环境背景值的影响研究

通过近15年来发生在我国西北地区的较大沙尘暴个例,就沙尘暴对甘肃境内大气环境背景值的影响等问题进行了调查、分析和研究.使用降尘背景观测点的大气降尘资料和样品,统计、分析和研究了沙尘暴降尘在各地区的沉降量、分布范围、化学组分和粒度分布特征等问题.研究认为:沙尘暴不只是一种特异的灾害性天气,同时它还是一种跨地区的大范围大气污染现象;在无湿沉降机会时,它会被输送到很远的地方,所影响和污染区域也会更大;沙尘暴还会向下游地区输送有害物质,对生态环境造成潜在和长期的影响;沙尘暴降尘量在甘肃的分布是以河西走廊东部为中心,向大气环流下游地域扩散,形成一个自西向东南迅速递减的梯度分布状态.受沙尘暴降尘的影响,近15年来甘肃省大气自然降尘背景值总体水平呈上升趋势.      

Element background levels in soils of Liaohe River Plain

Soil background contents of a number of elements of different soil groups, sub-groups and genus on Liaohe River Plain were investigated. It appeared that: the background levels for most elements studied were around the lower limits of the world's averages, variation coefficients of the background content values were from 0.3-0.5 and the element migration coefficients were between 0.9 and 1.0. It was found that the element background contents in soils of eastern and southern parts of the area were generally higher than that of western and northern parts.     

黄海和东海海域沉积物的环境质量评价

分析了黄海和东海陆架浅海区域表层沉积物中有机碳、硫化物、油类、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg、Cr、As、总氮、总磷的含量，通过对数据进行适当的数理统计处理，计算出了黄海和东海陆架区各化学要素的背景值。以此背景值作为评价标准，采用单因子评价方法，确定了调查海区沉积物中各化学要素的贫化区、背景值区、超背景值区和异常富集区。